1. CIS 055 - MS Windows Operating System
Windows 10 Inside out
Part 3 – System maintenance & Troubleshooting
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2. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
The Windows 10 disk-management tools
Primary Tool – Disk Management Console (Diskmgmt.msc)
Command Line – DiskPart.exe
Windows PowerShell – Windows Instrumentation Management (WMI)
Provides more capability
Customized progamability
Choosing the right tool for the right job
Shrinking/Expanding volumes – Disk Management
Clean – DiskPart
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3. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Running Disk Management
Run from Search, Command or Right-click start menu
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4. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Running Disk Management
Check disk/volume Properties
Create/Format/Delete
Partitions
Logical Drives
Dynamic Volumes
Assign drive letters
Convert disks
Shrink/Extend Partitions
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5. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Running Disk Management
System Volume Pane
System Device Pane
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6. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Running Disk Management
Actions context sensitive
Right-click for actions
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7. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Managing disks from the command prompt
Must be in Admin mode
Help command
Command line Help
Help command
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8. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Managing disks from the command prompt
fsutil – File System Utility
Find files by SID
Change 8dot3 names
Perform “esoteric” tasks
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9. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Managing disks from the command prompt
CAUTION:
Both of these utilities are dangerous! Make sure you understand what they are going to do before you do it
DiskPart command line interface description
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10. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Understanding Disk Management Terminology
Basic Disk – A physical device that can be subdivided into a maximum of 4 storage areas (partitions)
Dynamic Disk –
Simple, Spanned, Striped
MBR & GPT Disk
Master Boot Record
GUID(Globally Unique IDentifier ) Partition Table
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11. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Understanding Disk Management Terminology
Volume (aka Logical Drive)
Simple Volume – contained entirely on one device
Spanned Volume – contained on multiple devices
Striped Volume – 64KB blocks stored on multiple devices for performance
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks ) – multiple hard disks in an array to provide for larger volume size, fault tolerance, and increased performance
Mounted Drive
Format
File System
Active Partition
Boot Partition
System Partition
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12. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Understanding Disk Management Terminology
Mounted Drive – Volume displayed as a folder on an NTFS disk
Format – the process of creating a file system on a disk
Active Partition – Partition which the computer hardware starts loading from
Boot Partition – Windows system files
System Partition – contains the software for startup options
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13. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Understanding Disk Management Terminology
File System – Software that manages data on a disk Windows supports
NTFS – New Technology File System
exFat – Extended File Allocation Table
CDFS – Compact Disk File System
UDF – Universal Disk Format
ReFS – Resilient File System (Now supported)
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14. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Adding a new disk to an existing Windows installation using Disk Manager
Right-click Unallocated area
Click New Simple Volume
Select size
10GB
Handles sizes
Up to 4GB
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15. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Choosing a file system
Hardware determines by Default
Hard Disks – NTFS or exFAT
Flashdrives – exFAT, FAT32 (NTFS is not Recommended because of additional I/O)
CD or DVD – UDF or CDFS
Ver – Windows 2000 or later
Ver or 2.01 – Windows XP SP3 or later
Ver – Windows Vista or later
Mastered Optical Media or ISO – readable on all devices, burned in block on device can’t be used like USB
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16. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Choosing a file system
NTSF – New Technology File System
Security – Permissions & ACL’s protect folders & files FAT32 – Anyone can access file
Reliability – journaling system allows for recoverability, tracks all disk activity can dynamically allocate clusters to avoid bad sectors
Expandability – can extend storage without back-up, repartition, reformat, or restore
Efficiency – >8GB more efficient than FAT32, 16TB by default, up to 256TB volume size
Optimized Storage of Small Files – 100B or less stored in MFT directly
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17. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Choosing a file system
exFAT – extended File allocation Table System
Principal feature is expandability
Removes the 32GB volume & 4GB file limit imposed by FAT32
Able to handle >1000 files/directory
Limited backward compatability
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18. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Managing existing disks and volumes
Storage requirements will change over time disk management may allow you to make adjustments to meet your needs without purchasing additional hardware by:
Extending – a volume
Shrinking – a volume
Deleting – avolumes
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19. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Extending a volume
extend into unallocated area
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20. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Shrinking a volume
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21. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Deleting a volume
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22. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Converting a FAT32 disk to NTFS
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23. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Assigning or changing a volume label
Upto 32 Chars
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24. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Assigning and changing drive letters
Drive letters are unique can only be assigned to one Volume
You can’t change
Boot volume
System volume
Paging volumes
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25. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Mapping a volume to an NTFS folder
Avoids the 26 letter restriction
Interprets a volume as a folder inside the current hierarchy even though it may reside on a different physical device
Reduces the need to change drive letters
Identified as <JUNCTION> from the command prompt
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26. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Mapping a volume to an NTFS folder
Right click volume
Add NTFS folder
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27. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Mapping a volume to an NTFS folder
Removing keeps the folder created on the target drive
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28. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Checking the properties and status of disks and volumes
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29. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Checking the properties and status of disks and volumes
DISK STATUS
Online
Online (Errors)
Offline
Foreign
Unreadable
Missing
Not initialized
No media
VOLUME STATUS
Healthy
Healthy (At Risk)
Healthy (unknown Partition)
Initializing
Failed
Unknown
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30. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Permanently wiping all data from a disk
Data is not deleted
When you delete a file
When you reformat a drive
To wipe files off
Use cipher /w
Use format /p
Use DBAN (Darik’s Boot and Nuke)I killdisk BCWipe
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31. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Working with virtual hard disks
VHD files are formatted like a hard disk but can be treated like any file
Once created initialized & formatted they appear as a hard drive
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32. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Working with virtual hard disks
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33. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Checking disks for errors
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34. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Checking disks for errors
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35. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Optimizing disks for better performance
Single biggest bottleneck in performance
Performance degrades over time because of file fragmentation
File Fragmentation occurs when you delete files and add new ones.
Defragmentation
restores fragmented files into contiguous files
Moves the disk free space into one contiguous block at the end
Should only be done on mechanical drives
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36. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Optimizing disks for better performance
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37. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Working with solid state drives
Solid State Drives (SSD)
Advantages – Faster, more reliable, have no moving parts, consumes less power
Disadvantages – Less storage capacity, more expensive, only writes entire blocks
Windows treats both technologies the same … however
Many feature designed to minimize I/O bottlenecks are not needed and may be disabled if the system so determines.
Windows includes SSD’s in the optimization process
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38. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Optimizing solid state drives
TRIM – for SSD’s reclaims deleted space in background
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39. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Monitoring disk usage
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40. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Changing default save locations
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41. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Using Storage Spaces
Storage spaces allow you to connect several disks into one virtual disk
Provides data resiliency by:
2-way mirror – Writes 2 copies of each file (2 Disk min.)
3-way mirror – Writes 3 copies of each file (3 Disk min.)
Parity – Stripes data across all disks (3 Disk min.)
Simple storage space
Large virtual disk instead of physical disks
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42. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Using Storage Spaces
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43. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
Using Storage Spaces
explained-a-great-feature-when-it-works
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44. Chapter 14: Managing disks and drives
End Chapter 14
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