1. Do Now Activity #8 List all the organs in the Lymphatic System.
Explain the Lymphatic System’s means of transportation.
What are the 2 functions of Lymph Nodes?

2. Do Now Activity #9
What are the 2 types of intrinsic defense in the Immune System?
List all defense mechanisms of the Innate System.
List the 2 types of defense mechanisms of the Adaptive System.

3. chapter 21: The Immune System
Essential Question:
What are the 2 intrinsic defense systems and their types of defense?
chapter 21: The Immune System
Learning Targets
Identify structure and function of 3 types of muscle tissue.
Identify the functional characteristics of muscle tissue.
List the functions of muscle
Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle

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5. Overview: What is Immunity?
Immunity is the resistance to disease
Carried out by two systems

6. Overview: Intrinsic Defense Systems
Nonspecific/Innate System
This system protects us from all foreign substances.
First Line of Defense: intact skin and mucous membranes prevent entry
Second Line of Defense: antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, fever, phagocytes, and other cells
2. Specific/Adaptive Defense System
Third Line of Defense: mounts attack against particular foreign substances
Adapts/Changes: It learns
Takes longer to react than the Non-specific System
Works in conjunction with the Innate System
Both systems work together

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8. Non-specific Defense: Antigens
Antigens are the targets of all immune responses.
Antigens are mostly large, complex molecules not normally found in the body (non-self).
They are usually known to be proteins.

9. Non-specific Defense: Self-Antigens
Our cells have protein molecules (self-antigens).
These are called MHC Proteins.
MHC proteins mark a cell as “self”.
If a cell does not have your MHC then it is “non-self”.

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11. Non-specific Defense: Phagocytes
Phagocytes engulf or swallow foreign invaders.
See page 791

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13. Non-specific Defense: Inflammation
The inflammatory response is triggered whenever body tissues are injured.
Inflammation prevents the spread of damage to nearby tissues.
It disposes of cell debris and pathogens.
It sets the stage for repair processes.
The four signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling (edema), and pain.
An edema is a surge of protein-rich fluids into tissue spaces.

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15. Non-specific Defense: Fever
Fevers are abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms.
High fevers are dangerous.
A moderate fever can be beneficial, because it causes:
The liver and spleen to “hide” iron and zinc (needed by bacteria to reproduce).
Metabolism increases, which speeds up tissue repair and certain WBC (white blood cells).

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17. Specific Defense: 2 Types
The Adaptive Immune System is antigen-specific, and has memory.
Specific defense acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances.
Specific Defense has two separate but overlapping arms:
Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity
Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity

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19. Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity
Humoral Response: Foreign antigen causes a reaction with B-lymphocytes.
This response takes place in the spleen or other lymphatic organ.
B-cells quickly multiply.
Some B-cells turn into plasma cells which produce antibodies against the antigen.
Clonal Selection

20. Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity
Antibodies then bind to antigens causing:
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement
These processes enhance phagocytosis, inflammation, and cell lysis (the cell bursts).

21. Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity
Primary & Secondary Humoral Responses
Other B-cells become memory cells.
Memory cells remember the antigen for future infections.
Future reactions now takes hours instead of days.

22. Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity
Vaccines: spare us the symptoms of disease
Vaccines use weakened antigens to cause immune responses and memory without illness.

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24. Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity
Major Types of T-cells
Two types of T-cells run cellular immunity:
CD4 cells (T4 cells): Helper T-cells (TH)
CD8 cells (T8 cells): Cytotoxic T-cells (TC)

25. Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) swallow antigens.
The APC then puts antigen parts on their cell membranes.
This activates the helper T-cells or cytotoxic T-cells

26. Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity
Helper T-cells:
Stimulate cytotoxic T-cell and B-cell production.
They activate macrophages (phagocytes).
Some also become memory helper T-cells that can remember antigens.

27. Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity
Cytotoxic T-cells:
These kill virus invaded cells.
Some also become memory cytotoxic T-cells that can remember antigens.

28. Summary of the Primary Immune Response
Figure 21.19

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