1. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
Water, Solutions, Precipitation Reactions, Acid-Base Reactions, and Reduction-Oxidation Reactions

2. Solvation Water’s Structure Dissolving a Salt Dissolving Ethanol
Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes
Strong vs. Weak Acids

3. Anatomy of a Solution
Solute
Solvent
Molarity
Dilution

4. Precipitation Reactions
Solubility Rules
Nitrate salts are soluble
Alkali metal and ammonium salts are soluble
Most chloride salts are soluble…except Ag1+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Most sulfate salts are soluble…except Ca2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Pb2+
Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis…and Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are marginally soluble
Most sulfide, carbonate, chromate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis

5. Precipitation Reactions
Molecular Equation
Complete Ionic Equation
Net Ionic Equation

6. Acid-Base Reactions
Acid
Base
Net ionic equation

7. Acid-Base Titrations Titrant Analyte Equivalence point End point
Standard solution

8. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox)
Oxidation number

9. Assigning Oxidation Numbers
An atom in an element…0
Monatomic ion…equals its charge
Oxygen in covalent cpds…-2
Hydrogen in covalent cpds…+1
Fluorine…-1
Sum must equal charge of cpd or ion
When in doubt, assign more electronegative atom to be equal to its monatomic ion’s charge

11. Balancing Redox Rxns …the half-reaction method
Write separate half-reactions without spectator ions
Balance non-H and non-O elements
Balance O using H2O or OH1-
Balance H using H1+ or H2O
Balance the charge with e-
Normalize the half-rxns
Add the half-rxns
Cancel like terms on opposite sides and add spectator ions where apropos