1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Chapter 18

2. What do you think of when you hear the word “ABSOLUTE”
Quick Question…
What do you think of when you hear the word “ABSOLUTE”
What are some synonyms for this word?

3. Evolution of Absolutism
Quick Introduction…
What is an ABSOLUTE MONARCH?
A king or queen who has total power, and seeks to control all aspects of society
What gives the king their power?
Divine Right – belief that God gave the king his “right” to be king (God’s Representative)
Feudalism
Renaissance
Growth of Cities
Growth of Nationalism
Need for Central Power
Evolution of Absolutism

4. Absolutism in France: The Reign of Louis 14th
Chapter 18
Section 2
Pages

5. What you will learn
Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French monarchy, with Louis XIV setting the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe

6. Setting the Stage for Louis 14 King Henry IV
There were BIG problems in France with religious connotations.
The Catholics and the Huguenots (French Protestants) were constantly fighting.
Huguenots were a threat to Catholics
1/10 French were Huguenots
Un roe, une loi, une foi
“ One King, One law, One Religion”
Monarchy saw Huguenots as a challenge to this

7. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Huguenots and Catholics had been fight for years
1572 Paris Streets run red
Henry of Navarre’s (protestant) and Marguerite de Valoi’s (Catholic) Wedding day
Brides mother (Queen) ordered all of the protestants in for wedding to be killed
10K-70K protestants killed, Henry would escape
Henry would be next inline for throne
Converted to Catholicism and crowned King Henry IV

8. III. Setting the Stage for Louis 14
There was a time of peace when Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot prince) came to power
He converted to Catholicism in order to help the country
Signed the Edict of Nantes
meant religious toleration for the Huguenots in France.
Gave them limited freedoms
One King, one law, one religion is no longer
Catholicism still official religion of France

9. King Henry IV Focused on repairing war torn France
Fixed financial situation
Eliminated debt and built a surplus
Created new industry
Built roads and canals
He was assassinated by a fanatic who did not like

10. What’s Happening? How did Henry IV end France’s wars of religion?
By converting to Catholicism and granting certain rights to the Huguenots
Why did the Catholics accept the Edicts of Nantes?
Because it ended the religious wars but still declared Catholicism as France’s official religion
Why would the French royal family want to kill all the Huguenots?
Killing them would put an end to the fighting

11. Setting the Stage for Louis 14: Louis 13
B. Louis 13th
WEAK king- young, mom ruled for several years
Richelieu was his main “advisor”
He pretty much ran the kingdom, not Louis
He hated the Huguenots
Strengthened his own power by weakening the nobles influence (made them take down their fortified castles)
La Rochelle, Huguenots side with English, Upon their defeated all churches had to become catholic
Repressed Huguenot Nobles with spies and harsh punishment
More interested in Strengthening the Monarchy than supporting Catholics

12. What’s Happening?
How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?
Reduced power of Huguenots;
How did Richelieu plan to strengthen the monarchy?
By crushing his opponents

13. Louis 14 The Most Powerful Ruler of France
“I am the state” – meaning that he was France
Sun King
Began his rule when he was 4 years old
Because he was so young when he took over, he had an advisor – Mazarin.
Mazarin’s “rule” caused the nobles to revolt. Louis hated this and made up his mind that he would become so powerful that the nobles would NEVER rise against him.
Louis excluded them from councils and taxed them

14. Absolutism at Versailles
Demanded to be in charge of all military, political, and economic initiatives.
Best Example of an Absolute Monarch
Religion of his subject were also under his direct control
Built a enormous palace, Versailles
Greatest ambition was to build up military and expand French Territory

15. Louis’ Palace: The Palace at Versailles
The Palace at Versailles was 14 miles outside of Paris.
5,000 acres of forests, gardens, and lawns
1,400 Fountains, so many that they could not even run them all at the same time. (The workers would just turn them on when Louis walked by, and turn them off when he walked away.)
The cost to build them palace was approximately $2.5 billion.
It took 36,000 people to build the Palace at Versailles.
People who wanted to speak to the king could not knock on his door. Instead, using the left pinkie finger, they had to gently scratch on the door, until they were granted permission to enter. As a result, many courtiers grew that fingernail longer than the others
Why do you think that Louis built this palace?

16. Palace at Versailles

17. Palace at Versailles

18. The Actions of Louis 14 Expanded the economy
Jean Baptist Colbert – Minister of Finance used Mercantilism to build France’s bank accounts
Focused on making money in the New World (fur trade)
Limited imports and increased exports
Over-turned the Edict of Nantes
Persecuted the Huguenots, so they 200 K left,
and took jobs and money with them.
Pampered himself
Lived in TOTAL luxury, had 500 servants, cooks, etc. who looked after his every desire.

19. Louis 14 Extends France’s Borders
Under Louis’ leadership, France became the most powerful nation in Europe.
Largest Population
French Army: Best trained, best weapons, most soldiers

20. Louis 14 Extends France’s Borders
With this large army, Louis began to expand the French borders.
Early in his campaigns he had success
Eventually his luck ran out
Hurt the people, b/c the high cost war was paid with taxes- went to war 4 times
Would melt down royal silver to pay for supplies

21. One Last War for the French
The French people wanted peace.
What they got was another war
The War of Spanish Succession
France and Spain were on the verge of unification
Wanted Spanish throne for his son
Other countries of Europe were scared that this would be too much power for the Bourbon Kings.
Result: Spain and France were beaten by England, Netherlands and Holy Roman Empire, and the thrones were not permitted to be unified.
Treaty of Utrecht

22. French Expansion

23. Positives that Louis Brought
Louis 14: Legacy & Death
Positives that Louis Brought
Strengthened France in Art & Literature
Strengthened French Military and influence in Europe
Strengthened the French Colonies in the New World
Negatives that Louis Brought
Constant Warfare
Lost of debts (palace and fighting)
High Taxes for the people
Set the stage for the French Revolution
Louis died in his bed in The French people celebrated when they heard the news.

24. What’s Happening?
What were the causes and effects of the Spanish Succession?
Caused when other European powers did not want to see Louis XIV’s son become king of Spain
Resulted in giving Louis’s grandson the throne, but keeping France and Spain from being ruled by the same monarch

25. Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by describing how the power of the French monarchy increased under Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV.

26. Chapter 18 Section 3 Pages 545-550
Monarchy in England
Chapter 18
Section 3
Pages

27. Bell ringer 18.3
Write a brief description of either the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre or the palace that Louis XIV built at Versailles. Use details that will help your reader visualize the scene.
5 Points
7 Sentence Min

28. What you will learn today
In contrast to the absolute monarchy France, the English monarchy was limited by Parliament; following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful

29. Monarchs Defy Parliament
First, you need to understand that a MONARCHY is a form of ABSOLUTISM.
The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) felt that they were above the law (i.e. – Parliament)
Parliament – English version of Congress

30. Monarchs vs. Parliament
Queen Elizabeth – she had problems with the parliament regarding money
James I – he had problems with the parliament regarding religion
Charles I – fired the Parliament – just got rid of it!

31. Recap
Henry VII creates Protestant church to divorce wife- not able to have male child
Daughter, Mary take thrown, switch back to Catholicism and kills protestants
Daughter, Elizabeth takes throne, switches back to Catholic Church
All of this is done with the help of parliament passing laws.

32. Elizabeth
Parliament wants her to marry so there will be a male heir to the thrown, but she refuses to do so
She doesn’t want to share the power with anybody
She does have a good relationship with Parliament as they are able to speak their mind w/o fear of punishment.

33. What’s Happening How did the Tudors work with Parliament?
Henry VIII teamed with Parliament to pass a series of laws to convert England to Protestantism and name him head of the Church of England, Elizabeth I needed the help of Parliament to re-establish herself as the head of the Church of England
What do you think would have happened if Elizabeth I had married?
Might have lost power because her husband would have wanted to play a part in a growing England

34. James I Problems with Parliament
Elizabeth's Successor
Relative from Scotland
Believed in the Devine Rights of Kings
Bad relations with Parliament
Absolute Power
From Scotland
Low funds from predecessors
James rarely got what he wanted from Parliament
Who really has the power?

35. James I Problems with Religion
Parliament is increasing power
Puritans are on the rise
Religious group who wants to purify the church
Thought church was too catholic
Robes/kneeling
Puritans wanted to take power away from church officials
Church leadership supported James I
James refuses to pass most reform
does have Bible written in English. King James version

36. Charles I James dies and son Charles I is crowned. War = $$
Married a catholic woman and went to war (English are Happy). He is very popular.
War = $$
In order to continue conquests he must ask parliament to raise taxes.
The only way that Parliament would give him money is if he signed the Petition of Right.
No false imprisonment
No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent
No housing of soldiers in homes
No martial (absolute) law in peace time

37. Charles I vs. Parliament
The Petition of Right was a direct challenge to Absolute Monarchy
Charles signed it – then he IGNORED it.
He needs more $ and goes back to Parliament but is denied.
Charles fired Parliament for 11 years
Then he needed them back to get him some money – for more wars
He “re-hired” them.
But after 11 years, who is in the power seat?

38. Charles I vs. Parliament
Parliament took this opportunity to further limit kings power and further empower Parliament
Charles is not done yet!
A radical Puritan group within parliament has moved to abolish the appointment of Bishops within Catholic Church
The kings power is directly connected to church officials
Charles again fires Parliament

39. What’s Happening?
What led the first two Stuart kings to clash with Parliament?
Went to Parliament to raise money, rarely able to get what he wanted
What did Charles I do when Parliament refused to give him money after he signed the Petition of Rights?
He taxed the English people and dismissed Parliament

40. Also called “Royalists”
English Civil War
Why? – because the people were mad at Charles for firing the Parliament (and Parliament was mad too)
When? – 1642 – 1649
Loyalists
Supported Charles
Called “Cavilers”
Also called “Royalists”
Puritans
Supported Parliament
Called Roundheads
Leader was Oliver Cromwell VS

41. Results of the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell’s Roundheads defeated the Cavilers and imprisoned Charles
They put Charles I on trial, sentenced him to death – chopped his head off.

42. Changes in Power Formed a military state Very strict
Oliver Cromwell took over following the civil war
Dismissed Parliament
Formed a Commonwealth
Republican based government
Formed a military state
Lord Protector of England
Fought with Dutch of trade
Very strict
Closed theatres
Limited popular entertainment
THE PEOPLE ARE UNHAPPY

43. What's Happening?
What were the causes and results of the English Civil War?
CAUSE: Parliament limited Charles I power and refused to give him money
RESULT: Charles I executed, Monarchy and house of Lords abolished, England becomes a common wealth

44. Defender of Absolutism
Thomas Hobbs- Leviathan
Describes human as being naturally selfish and fearful
Life in nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
People need an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live.

45. The Restoration (Charles II)
After Cromwell died, the people wanted to have a king – Charles II (Charles I son) took over. (weak)
He got along better with the Parliament, restoration took place in England.
Was weak to Parliament
Was quick to given in
Supported public construction
Reopened theatres

46. What’s Happening? Why did Parliament vote to bring back the monarchy?
Do you think that England was better off under the commonwealth or under the monarchy?
Why did Parliament vote to bring back the monarchy?
People were unhappy with new Puritan laws, and Cromwell’s son was an uninspiring leader

47. Glorious Revolution 1685 Charles II died with NO heir
His brother James II took over (but he was catholic!)
Believed in Absolute Monoarchy
He soon offended Parliament and voted some Catholic friends into high office (against the law)
Parliament protested, so he fired them
His wife then had a son and the people were scared that a long line of Catholics would rule.

48. Glorious Revolution
HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter (Mary) who married William of Orange.
Parliament invited William to overthrow James II. He brought and army, James II was scared and fled the country
Thus, the Glorious Revolution began and ended with no fighting
William and Mary begin their reign and develop a
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY :
There is a monarch in place,
however they are limited in
their power

49. What’s Happening?
Why are the events of 1688 known as the glorious revolution?
A new king and king took power without blood shed

50. Pop Quiz True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with Parliament and called it into session ten times during her 45-year reign.
____ 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England clamped down on social life by closing theaters and limiting other forms of popular entertainment.
____ 3.William and Mary were crowned king and queen of England in order to prevent a Puritan monarch from occupying the throne.

51. Pop Quiz Answers True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with Parliament and called it into session ten times during her 45-year reign.
TRUE
2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England clamped down on social life by closing theaters and limiting other forms of popular entertainment.
3.William and Mary were crowned king and queen of England in order to prevent a Puritan monarch from occupying the throne.
FALSE

52. Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by identifying the causes of the decreasing power of the monarchy. 5 Points

53. Rulers of Russia and Central Europe
Chapter 18
Section 4 P

54. Russia Before Ivan Far behind Western Development
Run by church officials
Boyars (landowners)
1546 young prince named Ivan
Took title of Czar
Intended to rule w/o limits

55. Crash Course
Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols: Crash Course World History #20 - YouTube

56. Russia’s Absolute Ruler: Ivan IV
Ivan IV a.k.a “Ivan the Terrible”
Came to the throne when he was only 3 years old.
At the age of 16 he crowned himself czar (Caesar) and took control
Why would he want to be recognized as “czar?”

57. Two Stages of Ivan’s Life
“Good Stage” –
Married Anastasia
Expanded Russia’s lands
Expanded to the East Volga River Territory
Increased trade
Cleaned-up the Russian legal system
General council included low class and merchants
Promoted military by merit not social status
Two Stages of Ivan’s Life
WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was poisoned.

58. Two Stages of Ivan’s Life
“Bad Stage” –
Ivan put together a “secret police” who went around hunting those suspected of being traitors (killed 1000s)
Punished anyone who spoke
out against czar
Killed an entire city (Novgorod)
Wanted to separate form Russia
Killed his own son (oldest)

59. Details about killing his son
In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's (accidental) death. This event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, November 16, 1581 better known as Ivan the Terrible killing his son

60. Russia’s Struggles
After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only his weak, youngest son to rule.
He was too weak to lead effectively.
He died without an heir.
The Time of Trouble began
Economic, problems, Foreign invasion, uncertainty
This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia (lasts 300 years)
Enter Czar Peter the Great

61. Czar Peter I Known as Peter the Great 6’8” tall Took over in 1696
Removed his sister from power
1st act was to attack Azov (city held by Turks)
Failure, but learned from mistakes
Along side carpenters, he built a navy and Azov Surrendered

62. Czar Peter I
Strengthened the power of the czar (that is added to his ABSOLUTE POWER)
When Peter took over Russia was very backwards, in that they still based their society on Vassals, serfs, etc., Peter was determined to change this.

63. Peter’s Reforms In 1697, Peter made a grand tour of Western Europe.
Peter wanted to learn about their customs and manufacturing techniques.
In order to make “Westernize” Russia, Peter had to strengthen is ABSOLUTE POWER. Here’s what he did:
Controlled the Russian Church
Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created a Middle Class
Disbanded the Streltsy (politically based Army)
Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay them)

64. Peter’s Westernization of Russia
The Westernization Process
Introduced Potatoes as a part of their diet
Started a newspaper
Allowed women to attend social gatherings
Had the Nobles start wearing Western Fashions
Education Focus:
Sponsored Schools: Navigation, Arts, and Sciences
St. Petersburg: Russia’s warm water port (named after Peter’s Patron Saint)
Results of Peter’s Actions: Russia became modernized, and better off as a result of his efforts.

65. Catherine the Great Grew angry with husband Czar Peter III
Seized power after the Czar was murdered

66. Catherine the Great Reforms
Worked on Westernization efforts of Peter the Great
Believed that a wise stronger ruler could improve the lives of their subjects
Reformed legal and education systems
Removed trade restrictions
Promoted Science and arts
Defeated and took over Poland, valuable outlet for sea trade

67. Russia take over Poland
Why is this important?

68. Catherine the Great
While fighting a man saying he was Peter III (not murdered) stepped forward saying the throne was his
He put together a ragtag army of peasants and rebelled
This was put down
Catherine decided she needed to strengthen the Monarchy in rural areas
She reorganized local government in the hands of nobles and landowners
In return for their services, she lowered their taxes and gave them absolute control over their lands and peasants

69. Monarchy and conflict in Central Europe
Unlike Monarchs of Western
Europe and Russia,
Central Europe had no
Absolute Monarchs
The Holy Roman Empire
Has an emperor, but the
Empire has several
smaller states each with its
Own ruler

70. The Hapsburgs
In 1450 all of the small states had a ruler that came from the same family- The Hapsburgs
One rule would try to exert his authority on all the States

71. IV. The 30 Years War When: 1618 – 1648 Where: Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Who: Protestants (with Lutheran help) and Catholics
Details: Conflict over religion, territory, and for power among European ruling families
Results:
Hurt Germany most (lost 4 million people)
Treaty: Peace of Westphalia
This was the last religious war in Europe
Europe became a group independent countries, rather than a Catholic Empire

72. The 7 Years War When: 1756 - 1763 Where: Europe, India, North America
Who: England vs. France (and their allies)
Results: England gained the most
They took all of France’s holding in the New World
England gained trading domination in India

73. The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
New Models and Methods
Chapter 19 Sec 1-2
Pages

74. Bellringer 19.1
Imagine that you are a German engineer who has moved to Russia to help Peter the Great build St. Petersburg. Write a letter in which you try to persuade another professional back home to come work with you in Russia.
5 points

75. By the 17th Century, many changes had begun to occur:
Scientists all over Europe kept in touch
Science became a big business
Newton’s theory of the Universe
Huge influence on both scientific & political/social thinking
Application of Science to Industry
Popularized Science

76. Themes of the Scientific Revolution
Science = a philosophy
Science is practical
Science creates repercussions in theology & philosophy
Deism: “Clockwork Universe”
Traditional churches of all kinds were threatened by new ideas about man and God.

77. More Themes
Science created repercussions in political thought, as well.
Scientific Revolution led to a belief in democracy & freedom
Rational order in the universe – it was possible scientifically, politically, and socially
All of worlds problems could be solved with reason

78. What you will Learn
New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.

79. Old Views
Scholars relied on church and traditional authorities for their beliefs on the structure of the earth
These old ideas were upheld by the church
Geocentric Theory
Taught god put earth at the center of the universe
Scholars would begin to challenge these traditional way and begin a new way of thinking
Questioning the natural world

80. Claudius Ptolemy

81. The Universe Ptolemy’s model of the universe was
generally accepted by ancient & medieval scientists (geo-centric with concentric crystalline spheres)
Aristotle was 1st to
Produce this theory
The Universe

82. Why new way of thinking Exploration- lead to study of natural world
Ancient scholars could give no info about these new lands
New people and animals never seen before
Maybe there are other things out there that have yet to be discovered
The more the examined natural world, the more they realized ancient beliefs did not match

83. New Views Challenged old views
Based on Europeans learning advances made by Arab world
Posed theories about natural world and then tested them
Called Scientific Method

84. Scientific Method
The Scientific Method is a set of techniques for acquiring new knowledge about the natural world based on observable, measurable evidence.
Step 1 Identify a problem or a research question to be answered.
Step 2 Form a hypothesis that can be tested. A hypothesis is a proposed answer to the research question and is based on previous knowledge.
Step 3 Perform experiments to test the hypothesis.
Step 4 Record the results of the experiments.
Step 5 Analyze the results of the experiments to form a conclusion that either proves or disproves the hypothesis.

85. What’s Happening? What changes led to the dawn of modern science?
Traditional authorities challenged: new theories proposed and tested; exploration led to closer study of natural world; development of scientific methods
How was the scientific method different than pervious methods of thinking
Reliance on testing ideas by experimentation; rather than accepting the views of traditional authorities

86. Two scholars who help develop the Scientific method

87. Rene Descartes

88. Rene Descartes: Rationalist
Tried to use reason to explain the world—didn’t trust the senses.
Doubted everything until it could be proved by reason
1637: Discourse on Method: emphasis on deduction & math
Relied heavily on math and logic to prove truths

89. Sir Francis Bacon Only way to gain scientific knowledge is by experimentation Observing measuring, explaining, verifying

90. Induction vs. Deduction
Medieval scientists believed in the ideas
of Aristotle: Deductive Method: look at the “whole” and make hypotheses about it
Bacon rejected the deductive method &
advocated the Inductive method: look at the parts and make hypotheses about the whole.

91. Copernicus- Astronomer
Heliocentric universe in which stars and planets are points of light with circular orbits.
1st scientist to complete a model of the solar system using science, physics, and mathematics
Published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs” in 1473
did so on his death bed as he fear church opposition

93. Tycho Brahe- Astronomer/Mathematician
Observed the heavens and decided that all of the heavenly bodies orbited around the sun, except for the earth and its moon, and that the sun and its planetary system revolved around the earth.

94. Brahe’s Model

95. Kepler Accepted & revised the Copernican model
Elliptical (oval) orbits
Proved mathematically that the sun is the center of the universe.

96. Kepler’s Model

97. Galileo

98. Galileo
Improved the telescope and used it to observe the moon, stars, and other heavenly bodies
1610: Published “Starry Messenger” in which he claimed there were mountains on the moon and moons around Jupiter.
1613: Sunspots discovered

99. Controversy with the Church
Between 1613 and 1616, Galileo wrote a series of letters concerning the truth of the Copernican model.
The 1616 letter came to the attention of an influential Cardinal who had it put on the Index of Prohibited Books.
He was ordered NOT to hold Copernican views.

100. More Controversy
: Galileo wrote “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World: Ptolemaic & Copernican”
Banned immediately
Put on Trial in 1633 and found guilty of breaking the 1616 sentence.
Put under house arrest where he was supervised by officers of the Inquisition.

101. What’s Happening?
What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution?
Heliocentric theory; plants orbited the sun; predictable laws of movement; calculus
Why were Galileo’s books so contraversial?
They contradicted the official Church viewpoints that the sun orbited the earth

102. Sir Isaac Newton

103. Sir Isaac Newton 1668: built the first reflecting telescope
Laws of motion
Law of universal gravitation
1687: Published “Principial Mathematican”
1704: Published “Optics” in which he included his explanation of differential calculus as an appendix.
Developed calculus independent of Leibniz

104. Scientists Antony van Leeuwenhoek was 1st to invent microsope
Robert Boyle, the father of modern Chemistry, was 1st to define an element and described matter as a cluster of tiny particles

105. What Happening?
How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society?
Science and religion combined to produce artistic achievement of the Renaissance; Scientist challenged some of the traditional ideas of the church

106. Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing the causes and the effects of new discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution 5 Points

107. The Enlightenment Chapter 19 Sec 2 Pages 574-579

108. Bell Ringer 9.2
Suppose that you are an astronomer during the mid-1500s. Write a short speech explaining why the scientific method would reveal truth more accurately than reliance upon traditional authorities.

109. What you will learn
European thinkers developed new ideas about government and society during the Enlightenment.

110. The Age of Reason
Scientific Revolution convinced many people in the power of reason
Could it be used to study human nature too
Reason can be used to solve human problems

111. Philosophies'
Philosophies had differing beliefs about issues, such as the perfect form of government, etc., but they all shared a basic unity of thought.

112. Similarities All applied reason to their analysis of society
All believed in progress and looked optimistically toward the future
All sought reform to establish and protect human liberties
All attacked the abuses of the Old Regime

113. Thomas Hobbs- political thinker
Wrote Leviathan
Based upon his horrific experiences in English Civil War
People are self fish and greedy
People need government
Social contract
People should give up some freedoms in exchange for peace, saftey, and order that government will provide
Monarchy was best form of government
Strong central power could be used to impose law and order

114. Locke: Empiricist People are naturally happy, tolerant and reasonable
Everyone is born free with natural rights of life, liberty and property.

115. Locke: Empiricist Purpose of the government was to protect the people
Monarchs were not chosen by God
Instead the people consented to the government, who power was limited by law
“Two Treatises of Civil Government” 1690
If government failed to protect it citizens’ natural rights, they people had the right to over throw
Revolution

116. Important Ideas of Locke
“Tabula Rosa” All knowledge comes from sense impressions made on the mind from birth.
At birth the mind is like a “blank slate”
Our picture of the world is built up of the impressions which are imprinted on our mind through numerous observations during our lifetime.

117. More Important Ideas
Man is a “rational” being that can be improved by education and proper upbringing.
Provided a “scientific” reason for reform
Toleration, respect for reason, optimism about human perfectibility, and political freedom were all hallmarks of the Enlightenment that stemmed from Locke.

118. Rousseau “Force does not constitute right
Rousseau “Force does not constitute right... obedience is due only to legitimate powers”

119. Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
A romantic, he differed from the rest by questioning the generally accepted faith in reason and science as a means to a good life
People were born basically good
Society corrupted man
Civilization was a disease that had corrupted man and led him into slavery
“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains (Social Contract)

120. Social Contract
All men begin in a state of nature, where they are “benevolent natives.”
Human nature is innately good—man is corrupted by society.
The first person to fence off his property ruined this idyllic state of affairs and created a need for government—thus a social contract was made between citizens.
A social contract was a deal made among the people themselves in which the supreme authority was to be the general will.

121. Government Direct democracy, an agent of the people
Revolution is advisable, if the government no longer serves the needs of the people, and it can be changed whenever the people wish.

122. Montesquieu “The love of democracy is that of equality”

123. Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) Most famous book: The Spirit of the Laws
Relativist: no one best form of government exists.
Good government should vary with the circumstances of the nation—education, climate, soil, size, religion, customs, etc.

124. Necessary Factors
No matter which type of government was chosen, two characteristics needed to be present for there to be “good government”
Checks and Balances
Separation of Powers

125. Voltaire “Liberty of Thought is the Life of the Soul”

126. Voltaire (1694-1778) Longest-lived, most prolific philosopher
Believed the universe is governed by natural laws which can’t be changed by man.
Rejected the idea of innate ideas and held that knowledge is acquired through experience which is interpreted by reason.
Man and human nature are basically good

127. Diderot (1713 – 1784)
Editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedie (vol. 1 published in 1751)
27 years to write
Propagandistic—designed to show up the faults of society and to promote rationalism, science, a respect for natural law, and the need for reform to create social progress
Helped spread Enlightenment ideas
Censored by the Catholic church

128. Economic Reformers
Physiocrats: a group of economic thinkers who believed in the existence of natural economic laws.
Economic harmony would result when these natural laws were left alone to operate freely
Called for a laissez-faire economy

129. Mary Wollstonecraft Demanded equal rights for women
Especially in education
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
If men and women were equal in education then they would be equal in society

130. Adam Smith

131. Adam Smith (1727 – 1790) Father of Modern Capitalism/Laissez-Faire
Business activities hsoul take place in the free market
argued against the protection of home industries by imposing tariffs
Argued that in the long run it would be to the nation’s advantage not to restrict imports by tariffs.
Government interference justified only for the purpose of defense or to extend or protect the rights and liberties of citizens
Wanted funding of public education.

132. Most Famous Quote
Every individual...generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.

133. Enlightened Absolutism
Ideas of enlightenment thinkers became popular with some absolute monarchs
Monarchs tried to justify their despotic rule by claiming that they were governing in the interests of the people.
Some enlightened despots really did care about the condition of the people are were willing to offer limited reforms as long as the reforms did not jeopardize their power.

134. Enlightened Monarchs Enlightened Monarchs included:
Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia
Catherine II (the Great) of Russia
Joseph II of Austria
All of these monarchs sought to provide educational opportunities, hospitals, and cultural opportunities to at least some portion of their population.

135. Frederick II

136. Catherine II

137. Joseph II

138. Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by describing how Enlightenment ideas affected government

139. 1. How was the Enlightenment influenced by reason?
2. What new views did philosophers have about government?
3. What new views did philosophers have about society?
4. How did Enlightenment ideas spread?