1. Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914 – 1920)

2. I. Europe At War Underlying Causes: MAIN
1. Militarism: arms race; navy… aggression
2. Alliances: Triple Alliance (G,AH, I) & Triple Entente (GB, F, R)… balance of terror
3. Imperialism & Competition: Africa, ME, Asia
4. Nationalism: Aggression & Independence
B. Immediate Cause: Assassination

3. II. The US Enters “The Great War”
Underlying Reasons
1. Cultural & Ethnic Ties… Pluralism & Progressives
2. Economic Ties: Trade & Loans
3. Allied Propaganda: Civilization v. Barbarians
4. Freedom of Seas and German Sub Warfare
* Lusitania: May 7, 1915

4. II. The US Enters “The Great War”
The Events of 1917
Introduction… “He Kept us out of War”
1. Violation of Sussex Pledge
2. Zimmerman Note
**Important: “Freedom of Seas”
“Join with us and you get a bit of the United States”

5. III. America At War “The War to End All Wars”: Crusade!
1. “Make world safe for democracy”
2. “Peace Without Victory”
*First war overseas
*Idealistic goals… crashing down!

6. III. America At War “Prepardness”: Train and mobilize for war
1. National Defense Act & Navy Act (1916)
* Began the expansion of Armed Forces
2. War Revenue Act (1916)
* Passed to pay for military expansion; raised corporate and individual income taxes
3. Selective Service Act (1917)
* Draft/ conscription: 18 to 45
* “End all wars”: acceptance

7. III. America At War
C. Mobilizing the Economy: Power of the Prez! Introduction… Great Migration 1. Fuel Administration * Increase production/ reduce consumption… 2. Food Administration * Wheatless… Voluntary Price Controls & Rations… 3. War Industries Board * Gave out raw materials; told manufacturers what and how much to produce

8. III. America At War Mobilizing the Economy (cont)
4. National War Labor Board
* Settle any labor dispute…disrupt war effort…
5. War Labor Policies Board
* Set standards for wages, hours, and working conditions in war industries
* Labor unions won limited rights to
organize and bargain collectively
?: Discuss three ways…

9. III. America At War
D. The Committee on Public Information 1. George Creel/ Creel Committee 2. Goal: Sell the war aims 3. Reach public: lectures, pamphlets, posters, press releases, songs… 4. Urged public to buy liberty bonds, conserve resources, press censor 5. Attacked Germany: propaganda

10. III. America At War
Propaganda Posters…

11. III. America At War
The American Expeditionary Force I

12. IV. Wartime Constitutional Issues
Espionage Act (1917)
* 20 years in prison if aided enemy, interfered w/ draft, encouraged disloyalty, or refused to serve in armed forces
* Justify: National Security
Sedition Act (1918)
* 20 years if write, publish, or say
anything bad about Govt,
Constitution, flag, or US uniform

13. IV. Wartime Constitutional Issues
Effects
More than 1500: arrested and sent to jail
Broadly worded acts served to control/punish those who opposed war effort
Pacifists, socialists, and others: seen as extremists and suffered the most
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobbies): leaders were arrested, strikes broken up, members jailed

14. IV. Wartime Constitutional Issues
Schenck v. United States (1919)
1. Supreme Court: upheld conviction: Schenck
2. Convicted of violating Espionage Act
3. Oliver Wendell Holmes: “Clear and present danger”
4. Fire! In a crowded theater
5. Our rights are not
Absolute!*****

15. IV. Wartime Constitutional Issues
D. The Red Scare (1918 – 1919) 1. November 1917: Bolshevik Revolution 2. Communists: Anti American values, beliefs: capitalism, democracy, freedom, choice : intense fear of commies in US 4. Began to target socialists, anarchists, labor leaders, immigrants 5. Imprison, exile 6. Actual # of commies… very small

16. V. The Search for Peace after WWI
Introduction…
Wilson’s 14 Points… Sheet

17. V. The Search for Peace The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
1. Big Four: George, Clemenceau, Orlando, Wilson… Motives?
2. Germany had to accept certain provisions:
* Complete responsibility for the war
* Pay reparations to Allies
* Disarmament: give up military forces
* Cede land to new nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia
* Gave up overseas colonies

18. V. The Search for Peace The Treaty of Versailles (cont)
3. League of Nations
* Wilson opposed many of T of V conditions but accepted it b/c included L of N
* L of N: would create peace through collective security…
* Internat’l org: settle disputes through arbitration, judicial decisions, or economic sanctions

19. V. The Search for Peace Senate Defeat of the Treaty & League
1. American Opposition to the Treaty
* Most Americans: opposed
* Disillusioned after war… “Peace w/o Victory”? Goals too high?
* Return to Washington’s neutrality & isolation
* Membership would mean a continuing
role
* Would hurt American sovereignty

20. V. The Search for Peace Senate Defeat of Treaty and League (cont)
2. H.C. Lodge & the Reservationists
* Chairman of Foreign Relations Committee: not invited!
* Reservationists: Congressmen who approved of joining the League under certain conditions
* Ex: Monroe Doctrine
* Wilson: unwilling to compromise…

21. V. The Search for Peace Senate Defeat (cont) 3. Checks and Balances
* Senate rejected treaty; US not join
* US: not willing to assume the burdens of world leadership; return to isolationism
* Signed separate treaty w/ Germany: 1921