1. The Articles of Confederation & Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Declaration of Independence
Music Video
John Locke & Articles handouts
AP Government
Ms. Ozzimo

2. Background to the Articles of Confederation
During the Revolutionary War, Americans set up a new national government. They feared a strong central government. They worried that it too might crush their rights, as they felt the British government had. They wanted something new. They drew up a plan for government called the Articles of Confederation. Each state approved it.
Articles Summary and graphic organizer

3. The Articles of Confederation
This document (our first attempt at a constitution) created a national government that had little power. It could not control trade among the states. It could not draft soldiers into an army. It could not even raise taxes. Each state was only loosely bound to the others.

4. When the war ended in 1783, it seemed that the United States might break into 13 separate countries. The United States was in debt. There was a great deal of tension among the states over trade and other matters. By 1787, leaders in each of the states had realized that something had to be done.

5. Delegates from the 13 states met in Philadelphia
Delegates from the 13 states met in Philadelphia. Many wanted a new national government. It had to be strong enough to hold the new nation together, but it could not be too strong. It must not infringe on their rights, or take away their freedom. Over the summer, they wrote a new plan for government: the U.S. Constitution. The delegates signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787.

6. The Constitution would be the law of the land, but first it had to be approved by at least 9 of the 13 states. The signers knew the approval would not be easy. Many people opposed the new document. People in every state talked about one question: Should they accept the new Constitution?

7. Just days after the Constitution was signed, many of the New York newspapers began to attack it. They said that the new Constitution took away the rights Americans had won in the Revolution.
Alexander Hamilton was a lawyer from New York who had helped write the Constitution. He was the only delegate from New York who had signed it. The others had refused to sign because they agreed with the critics in the newspapers. Hamilton feared that New York might not approve the Constitution. He decided to write essays arguing with the critics.
Hamilton wanted a strong central government. He even favored one stronger than the one outlined in the new Constitution. But Hamilton supported the Constitution as a significant improvement over the Articles of Confederation.
In October of 1787, he published his first essay defending the Constitution. He signed it using the Roman name “Publius”. (Political writers often used pen names during this time.) Hamilton soon asked two other men to help him write articles. All of them wrote under the same pen name.
The men would write 85 essays for the New York papers. It helped convince New York that the Constitution was a good model for government. The essays drew much praise. People outside of New York wanted to read them as well.
Today, the Federalist Papers helps us to understand what the writers of the Constitution had in mind when they drafted the document over 200 years ago.
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay

8. Main Points in the Federalist Papers
The Constitution separates the powers of the national government.
The Constitution creates a federal form of government.
The Constitution sets up a republic.

9. Anti-Federalists Used pen names “Brutus” and “Cato”
Congress, the president, and the courts would have too much power under the Constitution  more power than the old British government!
The states should retain their powers. They opposed transferring some of the powers of the states to a strong central govt.
The Constitution should have a Bill of Rights.
The British had crushed American freedom – the new American government would do the same
They thought that only small governments, close to the people, could insure freedom. A strong national government would not listen to the people.
This last point resonated with many people. They had just fought a war to be free. They did not want to new govt. to take away their rights.

10. Compromise
By June 1788, most states had approved the Constitution. But several states still had not. The two biggest states, New York and Virginia, were still debating. To get these states to approve the Constitution, the Federalists promised that a Bill of Rights would be added to it. With this promise, the states approved the Constitution.
James Madison was elected to the Congress from Virginia. When the first Congress met in 1789, he saw it as his duty to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution.
Congress passed 10 of the 12 amendments that were proposed. (ADD DETAILS