1. Do our identities as Canadians have a role to play internationally?
Team Canada – during 1970s hockey game
Our role with Britain
Multiculturalism – Immigration laws
French Canada's Bilingual 1

2. Very correlated with American Policy – especially with NATO
No Nuclear weapons
Trade with other parts – China
Peacekeepers
NAFTA – especially in South America
Internationally – we try to promote the same goals of a nation?
Peace and Security, Economic stability, Self Determination, and Humanitarianism 2

3. International interests
and
International interests 3

4. Peace and Security 4

5. Peacekeeping Answers to the Security Council of UN *
Sent to Conflict zones after a ceasefire has been negotiated.
Make sure both sides respect agreements
Created by Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson dealing with Suez Canal Crisis. *
Security Council – 5 veto holding countries – France, China, UK, U.S., Russia / and 10 non-permanent members - rule is to first resort to Sanctions and last resort – military action 5

6. WWII just ended two years ago, thought there would be another one.6

7. The importance of the Suez7

8. Peacekeeping Peacekeeping rules 1. Consent 2. Impartiality
3. Self Defence
Peacekeepers are NOT peacemakers *
Should the UN have its own permanent army that could be used for peacekeeping and peacemaking?
Is it right for UN to have troops to impose its values on other countries?
Who controls the UN?
The Security Council?
Peackeepers as seen before were helpless in its cause because of its lack of power
1. Consent – Peacekeeper must respect sovereignty of host country
2. Impartiality – Peacekeepers must not take sides
3. Self Defence – Peacekeepers may use force only to defend themselves.
Picture in Haiti 8

9. A criticism of peacekeeping9

10. UN Peacekeeping missions
Suez Crisis (Sinai, Egyptian-Israeli border) *
Cyprus *
Somalia *
Yugoslavia *
Rwanda *
Yugoslavia - he Serbs (Orthodox), Croats (Catholic), and Kosovars (Islamic), Slovenes, Montenegrins, Albanians, and Macedoniansare, predominantly, of different faiths. - Tito Communist leader tried to ethnic cleanse Yugoslavia (Serbs) – Canada was the last country to take part in this
Cyprus gain independence from England 1959 – Greeks Cypriot – launched a coup on Cyprus president. - Turkey sent troops to invade Cyprus
Somalia was in the middle of both famine and civil war, and the country was largely embroiled in anarchy and domination by warlords, following the collapse of Siad Barre's Marxist government. Relief supplies were frequently stolen by armed gangs, who would hold the goods hostage for the loyalty of the population. As a result, the United Nations requested armed peacekeepers to assist the relief operations. 10

11. Self Determination 11

12. Ottawa Treaty Landmines – explosives hidden in the ground
1997 – meeting of 157 countries signed agreement to ban use of landmines and help removing existing mines *
Jody Williams
Explain what Nobel Peace Prize is
Jody Williams start a campaign against landmines – International Campaign to ban landmines
Ask what NGO are again 12

13. International Law and Agreements
Developed by the United Nations
Laws deal with Global Trade, Environmental laws, Human Rights violations *
Violation to laws are dealt with by World Court
Why did I associate this topic to Self Determination?
U.S. Violated international laws by helping rebels who were trying to overthrow government of Nicaragua – did not acknowledge the World Court
Some who may want to become lawyers – you can go into international law as well. - Mrs. Coursault wanted to be a international lawyer before becoming teacher
For example, Rwandan genocide – the leaders were brought under World Court tribunal to have trials 13

14. International Law of the Sea
Countries have up to 370 Km control of water from shore
PROBLEM – fishing on the Grand
Banks
Example of International Law 14

15. International Agreements in Arctic
Became quiet the controversy in 2007 – mineral and energy resources
Russia put flag below sea at North Pole – Canadian government did nothing
Canada believes it isn't strictly Russian – Inuit 15

16. The light blue countries are the member countries of the Arctic Council. The dark blue countries are just observer countries.

17. Humanitarianism Lester Pearson Challenge
World's richest nations to contribute 0.7% of country's Gross National Income to foreign aid
Question – why would we want to help other countries? 17

18. Criticisms of Foreign Aid
- Tied Aid - Foreign aid with strings attached *
- Require country receiving aid to buy goods and services only from donor country
- Corruption – corrupt officials in receiving countries sometimes seize aid money and supplies instead of distributing them to needy citizens.
Ex. Canada required countries that recieved Canadian food aid to buy 90% of food from Canada. Even when locally grown food, might have been cheaper and supported local farmers

19. Criticism of humanitarianism
Uganda – you can receive aid from us, as long as you only buy tractors from us. 19