1. Chapter 12
Statistics

2. Chapter 12: Statistics
12.1 Visual Displays of Data 12.2 Measures of Central Tendency 12.3 Measures of Dispersion 12.4 Measures of Position 12.5 The Normal Distribution

3. The Normal Distribution
Section 12-5
The Normal Distribution

4. The Normal Distribution
Understand the distinction between discrete and continuous random variables.
Understand the properties of a normal curve.
Use a table of standard normal curve areas.
Interpret normal curve areas in several ways.

5. Discrete and Continuous Random Variables
A random variable that can take on only certain fixed values is called a discrete random variable. A variable whose values are not restricted in this way is a continuous random variable.

6. Definition and Properties of a Normal Curve
A normal curve is a symmetric, bell-shaped curve. Any random variable whose graph has this characteristic shape is said to have a normal distribution.
On a normal curve, if the quantity shown on the horizontal axis is the number of standard deviations from the mean, rather than values of the random variable itself, then we call the curve the standard normal curve.

7. Normal Curves B S A C
S is standard, with mean = 0, standard deviation = 1
A has mean < 0, standard deviation = 1
B has mean = 0, standard deviation < 1
C has mean > 0, standard deviation > 1

8. Properties of Normal Curves
The graph of a normal curve is bell-shaped and symmetric about a vertical line through its center.
The mean, median, and mode of a normal curve are all equal and occur at the center of the distribution.
Empirical Rule About 68% of all data values of a normal curve lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean (in both directions), and about 95% within 2 standard deviations, and about 99.7% within 3 standard deviations.

9. Empirical Rule

10. Example: Applying the Empirical Rule
Suppose that 280 sociology students take an exam and that the distribution of their scores can be treated as normal. Find the number of scores falling within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
Solution
A total of 95% of all scores lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
(.95)(280)= 266 scores

11. A Table of Standard Normal Curve Areas
To answer questions that involve regions other than those within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations of the mean, we can refer to the table on page 690 or other tools such as a computer or calculator.
The table gives the fraction of all scores in a normal distribution that lie between the mean and z standard deviations from the mean. Because of symmetry, the table can be used for values above the mean or below the mean.

12. Example: Applying the Normal Curve Table
Use the table to find the percent of all scores that lie between the mean and the following values.
a) 1.5 standard deviations above the mean
b) 2.62 standard deviations below the mean

13. Example: Applying the Normal Curve Table
Solution
a) Here z = Find 1.50 in the z column. The table entry is 0.433, so 43.3% of all values lie between the mean and 1.5 standard deviations above the mean.
z = 1.5

14. Example: Applying the Normal Curve Table
Solution (continued)
b) Even though it is below the mean, the table still works because of the symmetry. Find 2.62 in the z column. The table entry is 0.496, so 49.6% of all values lie between the mean and 2.62 standard deviations below the mean.
z = –2.62

15. Example: Applying the Normal Curve Table
Find the total area indicated in the region in color below.
z = –1.7
z = 2.55
Solution
z = 2.55 leads to an area of and z = 1.7 leads to an area of Add these areas to get =

16. Example: Applying the Normal Curve Table
Find the total area indicated in the region in color below.
z = 0.61
z = 2.63
Solution
z = 2.63 leads to an area of and z = 0.61 leads to an area of Subtract these areas to get – =

17. Example: Applying the Normal Curve Table
Find the total area indicated in the region in color below.
z = 2.14
Solution
z = 2.14 leads to an area of The total area to the right of the mean is Subtract these values to get – =

18. Interpreting Normal Curve Areas
In a standard normal curve, the following three
quantities are equivalent.
Percentage (of total items that lie in an interval)
Probability (of a randomly chosen item lying in an interval)
Area (under the normal curve along an interval)

19. Example: Probability with Volume
The volumes of soda in bottles from a small company are distributed normally with mean 12 ounces and standard deviation 0.15 ounce. If 1 bottle is randomly selected, what is the probability that it will have more than ounces?
Solution
12.33 corresponds to a z-value of 2.2. The probability is equal to the area above z = 2.2, which is – = (or 1.4%).

20. Example: Finding z-Values for Given Areas under the Normal Curve
Assuming a normal distribution, find the z-value meeting the condition that 39% of the area is to the right of z.
11%
Solution
39%
Because 50% of the area lies to the right of the mean, there must be 11% of the area between the mean and z. From the table, A = corresponds to z = 0.28.

21. Example: Finding z-Values for Given Areas under the Normal Curve
Assuming a normal distribution, find the z-value meeting the condition that 76% of the area is to the left of z.
26%
Solution
24%
50%
There must be 26% of the area between the mean and z. From the table, A = corresponds closely to z = 0.71.