1. Introductions and Conclusions

2. Techniques for a Good Introduction
Ask a provocative or disturbing question – grabs the reader's attention. Often shows an unfair or unwise situation, might get the reader to think about how the situation affects THEM personally.
Share an anecdote relating to thesis – if personal, establishes authority. If not, puts a human face on the situation.
Offer a quotation – puts paper in perspective of larger conversation/more general ideas
Move from general to specific – begins by talking about something that everyone is interested in, then shows how it relates to your specific topic.

3. More Techniques for a Good Intro
Correct a commonly held misconception – again, the effect here is surprise, but it also attempts to change audience attitudes.
Begin with an intriguing statement or little known fact – gives background information, makes your reader wonder, "so what?"
Striking example – immediately begins to defend/explain your point, lets the reader know where you stand from the beginning.
Make a comparison – compare what you are writing about to something your readers already know. More relatable.

4. Examining Example Introductions:
Look back at the following intros. What does each author do to pull in the reader prepare them for the rest of the essay?
Paragraphs 1 and 2 of “What is Independent Hip Hop?” on p. 303
Paragraph 1 of “Identity in a Virtual World” on p. 176
Paragraph 1 of “On Sale at Old Navy” on p. 269
ONE other essay we’ve read this semester. (See Syllabus for list.)

5. Conclusions
Conclusions are often the most difficult thing to write for some students, especially if you've been taught the five paragraph essay style that simply encourages you to repeat your main points. A good conclusion does much more than this.

6. Techniques for a Good Conclusion
Look ahead – gets the audience to consider the future
Remind readers of issue's importance – ensures that they understand what is at stake, why your issue deserves their attention.
Offer a recommendation, call to action – gets readers to make a change, do something. Most effective in argumentative essays.
Discuss the broader implications – connects your issue with other important ones
End with a fact, quote, or anecdote – leaves your reader with something to remember.

7. Examining Conclusions
Look back at the following conclusions. What does each author do to tie up loose ends and leave the reader with a powerful final thought?
The last paragraph of “The Eye of the Beholder” on p. 190
The last paragraph of “Do I Look Like Public Enemy Number One?” on p. 49
The last paragraph of “Venus Envy” on p. 169
Analyze a fourth conclusion from an essay we’ve read of your choosing.