1. Introduction to SQL Server and the Structure Query Language
Dave Valentine

2. Agenda
What is SQL Server What is SQL Table, Columns, Rows SELECT FROM WHERE SQL Functions GROUP BY ORDER BY

3. About Dave
MCP MCSA: SQL Server 2012 Database Architect / Database Developer Adjunct IngeniousSQL.com

4. What is a Database Collection of structured/organized data
Typically stored on a computer or in the cloud
Simple to Complex
Small to Large
What is stored in a database

5. RDBMS Relational Database Management System Relational Database Tables
Rows
Columns
Popular RDBMS:
SQL Server
Oracle
MySQL

6. SQL
Structured Query Language ANSI Standard RDBMS independent SQL Flavors DDL – Data Definition Language DML – Data Manipulation Language

7. Tables Database constructs that store data Collection of related data
Rows and Columns
Spreadsheets

8. Columns Set of data definitions for data that is stored in a table
Types
Text
VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, NCHAR
Numerical
BIT, TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT, DECIMAL, FLOAT, MONEY
Date
DATETIME, DATE, TIME
Fields
Attributes

9. Rows Set of related data values stored in a table
Single record in spreadsheet
Tuple
Record
Address ID
Address
City
State
ZIP 22
1234 Music Ave
Shakopee MN
11111 23
609 Freemont Street
Las Vegas NV
22222 24
1850 Birch Street
Wayzata
55555 25
1713 Dixon Drive
Mahtomedi
44444 26
2121 SQL Lane
Bemidji
33333

10. SELECT The SELECT statement returns data from a database table
Data is returned in the form of a result set.
Basic SELECT syntax
SELECT Col1, Col2, … ColN FROM TableName;
Col1, Col2, … ColN are the columns of a table TableName whose values you want to return.
All the columns available in the table TableName can be returned using the syntax
SELECT * FROM TableName
Is SELECT * a good idea?

11. FROM
Defines where the data will be retrieved in a SELECT statement Simple Complex Optional

12. WHERE Used to filter records in a dataset Basic WHERE syntax
SELECT Col1, Col2, … ColN FROM TableName WHERE Col1 = [Some Value]
Typically follows the FROM statement
Simple
Complex
Optional

13. Comparison Operators Mathematical symbol to compare two expressions
Primarily used in the WHERE clause
Outcome yields a Boolean value
Common Operators
= Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to

14. Logical Operators
Logical operators compare two or more conditions to filter data sets
Yields Boolean values (True or False)
SQL Common Operators
NOT
AND OR
LIKE
BETWEEN IN
Truth Tables
Operation Precedence

15. Truth Tables
NOT
TRUE
FALSE
AND OR

16. Operator Precedence
Operators at the top of this list are evaluated before an operators in the lower parts of this list. ~
*, /, %
+, -
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>, !=, !>, !<
NOT
AND
ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, OR, SOME =

17. String Functions
Built in functionality that can manipulate expressions
Popular SQL Server String Functions:
CONCAT Adds two or more strings together ( + )
LEFT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from left)
LEN Returns the length of a string
LOWER Converts a string to lower-case
LTRIM Removes leading spaces from a string
REPLACE Replaces all occurrences of a string within a string, with a new string
REVERSE Reverses a string and returns the result
RIGHT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from right)
RTRIM Removes trailing spaces from a string
SUBSTRING Extracts some characters from a string
UPPER Converts a string to upper-case

18. Date Functions
Built in functionality that manipulates date expressions
Popular SQL Server String Functions
GETDATE Returns the current database system date and time
GETUTCDATE Returns the current database system UTC date and time
DATEADD Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns the date
DATEDIFF Returns the difference between two dates
DAY Returns the day of the month for a specified date
MONTH Returns the month part for a specified date (1 to 12)
YEAR Returns the Year part for a specified date .

19. Numerical Functions
Built in functionality that aggregates numerical columns
Popular SQL Server Numerical Functions
ABS Returns the absolute value of a number
POWER Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number
ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places
SQRT Returns the square root of a number
SQUARE Returns the square of a number
SUM Calculates the sum of a set of values
AVG Returns the average value in a set of values
COUNT Returns the number of records in a set of values
MAX Returns the maximum value in a set of values
MIN Returns the minimum value in a set of values

20. Product ID
Name
Number Sold 1
Adjustable Race
2500 2
Bearing Ball
2000
1000 3
BB Ball Bearing
800
500 4
Headset Ball Bearings
200
Headset Ball Bearings
600

21. GROUP BY Used to arrange identical rows of data into groups
Groups are determined by the columns specified 
Basic GROUP BY Syntax
SELECT Col1, Col2 FROM TableName WHERE Col3 = [SomeValue] GROUP BY Col1, Col2
Typically follows the WHERE statement
Commonly used with aggregating functions

22. ORDER BY
Used to sort the result set in ascending or descending order Default is ascending Order is determined by the columns specified Basic ORDER BY Syntax SELECT Col1, Col2 FROM TableName WHERE Col3 = [SomeValue] GROUP BY Col1, Col2 ORDER BY Col1 ASC, Col2 DESC Typically one of the last statements in a query Caution with numerical data stored as characters

23. Table Joins Joining tables to single result set
Found in the FROM section of a query
Types
INNER
LEFT
RIGHT
CROSS
FULL
Basic JOIN Syntax
SELECT Col1, Col2 FROM TableName1 tn1 INNER JOIN TableName2 tn2 ON tn1.Col1 = tn2.Col1 WHERE Col3 = [SomeValue] GROUP BY Col1, Col2

24. Advanced Functions
ISNULL Returns the expression if it not null else the specified value
COALESCE Returns the first non null value in the specified expression list
CAST Casts an expression to another data type
CONVERT Converts an expression to another data type
Convert Dates to String

25. Summary
SQL and SQL Server Table, Columns, Rows SELECT FROM WHERE SQL Functions GROUP BY ORDER BY

26. Questions Dave Valentine @ingeniousSQL ingeniousSQL.com
linkedin.com/in/ingenioussql