1. Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 7-8 (July 2016)
Elevated GDF11 Is a Risk Factor for Age-Related Frailty and Disease in Humans 
David J. Glass 
Cell Metabolism 
Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 7-8 (July 2016)
DOI: /j.cmet
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 GDF11 Total Protein Levels and Mechanism
Myostatin, GDF11, and activin signal through the ActRII/Alk4,5 complex, inducing SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation. This results in a decrease in skeletal muscle growth. Schafer et al. (2016) find high levels of GDF11 to be associated with frailty and other co-morbidities of the aged. In human beings, GDF11 is not regulated by age, whereas myostatin decreases in males.
Cell Metabolism  , 7-8DOI: ( /j.cmet )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions