1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) & DNA SEQUENCING

2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Allows for the production of many copies of a desired gene fragment
Process is closely related to DNA replication

3. Denaturation. The DNA is subjected to heat (94-96°C) which causes the H bonds between the complimentary bases to separate; the two single strands are used as templates to build complimentary strands
Annealing. Temperature is brought down to 50-65°C. DNA primers (complimentary to the opposing 3’-5’ ends of the DNA target sequence to be replicated) anneal with the template DNA

4. Extension(Elongation). Temperature is raised slightly to 72°C
Extension(Elongation). Temperature is raised slightly to 72°C. Taq polymerase (a DNA polymerase) builds complimentary strands by adding nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Solution is reheated and cycle repeats itself
Taq polymerase is heat resistant so no need to add new enzymes
Can quickly generate billions of copies of DNA sequences

8. Gene Sequencing
Used to determine the exact sequence of base pairs in a DNA strand
The Human Genome Project uses computer technology to read the human DNA sequence using laboratory based techniques
The Sanger dideoxy method is the most widely used because it is easily automated
Uses a variant of each nucleotide DNA known as a dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP)
ddNTPs resemble regular DNA except lack the 3’ hydroxyl group

10. How it works: 4 separate suspensions are prepared
Each contains nucleotides and polymerase used in the standard PCR process and a small quantity of ONE of the four variant ddNTP
As PCR proceeds, there is a high probability that a regular nucleotide will be added to the growing chain
Occasionally, the polymerase will bind a ddNTP and the reaction will terminate
Also called the chain termination technique

11. Thus, in the suspension containing billions of elongating fragments, there is a series of fragments ending with the ddNTP
The fragments are separated with gel electrophoresis and are read with an automated DNA sequencer which speeds up the reading process
The chain termination reaction can be used to sequence DNA up to about 1000 base pairs in a single reaction

16. Homework
Read 8.2
Start reviewing your notes for test next week