1. An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800
Chapter 19 p

2. Background Renaissance encouraged a new
By 1400, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders
Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosity
Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and charts

3. I. Causes of European Exploration
#1- New Trade Routes
People want wealth; achieve that through trade
Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper)
Introduced during Crusades; people still demanded goods once wars ended
Demand greater than supply= high prices

4. Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
Trade routes controlled by Italians and Muslims
Muslims sold Asian goods to Italians
Italian merchants resold items at increased prices to merchants throughout Europe
Other traders did NOT like this and wanted new routes that bypassed Italian merchants

5. Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
#2- Spread Christianity
Crusades left hostility between Christians and Muslims
Europeans believed they
had a sacred duty to
continue fighting Muslims
and to convert non-Christians

6. Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
Bartolomeu Dias: early Portuguese explorer
“For God, Glory, and Gold”
(”To serve God and His majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”)

7. Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
#3- New Exploration Technologies
Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the wind
Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees; used to calculate latitude
(perfected by Muslims)
Compass: magnetically tracked
direction (Chinese invention)

8. II. Portugal leads the way
Portugal was 1st to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa
Prince Henry: son of Portugal’s king
Nation’s most enthusiastic supporter of exploration
Conquered Muslim city in North Africa where he discovered exotic wealth never found in Europe (cinnamon, cloves, pepper, silver, gold, jewels.

9. Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
Henry determined to find the source of that wealth
1419 he founded a navigation school in Portugal
(mapmakers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains, gathered there to perfect their trade)

10. Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
By Henry’s death, Portugal held a series of trading posts along western African shores.
Traded for gold and ivory
Eventually, they traded for African captives (slaves)
Next, Portugal searched for a trade route to Asia

11. Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
Portugal secures a Sea Route to Asia
Bartolomeu Dias
1488 Sailed down w. coast of Africa
where he reached the tip
Huge storm arose, battered ships
Realized his ships were blown around the tip
Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they returned home

12. Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
Vasco da Gama
1498 began exploring east African coast
Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
Amazed by spices, rare silks, precious gems
Filled boats with goods and returned to Portugal where they sold them for 60 times the cost of the voyage
Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a direct sea route to India

13. III. Spain also makes claim
Christopher Columbus
1492 he convinced Spain (although he was Italian) to pay for his plan to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean

14. Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he mistook for the East Indies (AKA -Indonesia.)
Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased tension between Spain and Portugal.

16. Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
Spain vs. Portugal
Portugal believed Spain reached Asia and that Columbus claimed lands that the Portuguese might have reached first.
Pope Alexander VI divided the land between the 2 nations

17. Spain also makes claim (cont’d)
He drew the Line of Demarcation: imaginary North/South line that gave lands on the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west to Spain
1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas: they agreed to honor the line.

18. IV. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
With new trade routes came conflict. European nations scrambled to establish profitable trading posts as they battle natives and each other

19. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)
Portugal
Built huge trading empire by capturing many Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons mounted on their ships)
(Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, Spice Islands)
By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the Portuguese broke the Italian-Muslim domination of trade and sold goods at 1/5 the cost.

20. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)
English and Dutch
1600 they began to challenge Portugal
Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 vessels
Both formed East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.

21. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)
Dutch East India Company eventually drove out the English and established dominance over the region
By 1700, Dutch ruled much of Indonesia, the Spice Islands, and the Cape of Good Hope

22. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean (cont’d)
French
Established its own East India Company
It struggled at first, faced attacks from the Dutch, eventually est. output in India
*Although Europeans took control of many port cities their influence rarely spread beyond the ports.

23. V. China: Ming Dynasty
Europeans had ports all over the Indian and Asian coasts and were now looking for more sources of wealth.
They found it in China, then Japan.
By 1514 the Chinese had driven out the Mongol rulers and had united under new leadership: the Ming Dynasty

24. China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
Ming Dynasty: dominant power in Asia from
Hongwu: commanded a rebel army that drove out the Mongols in 1368 and became the 1st Ming Emperor
Promoted reforms to restore agricultural lands destroyed by war, erase all trace of Mongols, & promote China’s power and prosperity

26. China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
Hongwu eventually dies, his son (Yonglo) takes over. He was very curious of the world so he launched 7 voyages of exploration.
Zheng He led all 7 voyages
40 to 300 ships made the voyages: fighting ships, storage vessels, and “treasure” ships (400 ft long!)
Carried soldiers, sailors, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.

27. China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
Zheng He showed superiority by leaving silver and silk as gifts
More than 16 countries paid tribute to China
Officials complained it was a waste and the voyages ceased after the 7th in 1433

28. China: Ming Dynasty (cont’d)
China’s trade policies reflected isolation
Only government officials were allowed to conduct foreign trade through 3 coastal ports
However, smuggling went on up and down the ports

29. VI. China: Qing Dynasty
Manchus: people of Manchuria (west of the Great Wall) invaded China and took over the Ming (had ruled for 200 yrs)
Qing Dynasty: name taken of the Manchus as they ruled for 260 yrs
Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Chinese central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet

31. China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
Rebellions
Many Chinese resisted the non-Chinese Manchus and rebellions flared up for decades
Improvements
Manchus made frontiers safe
Restored China’s prosperity
While keeping Confucian beliefs and social structures

32. China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
Rulers
Kangxi: Qing Emperor
Reduced govt.
expenses
Lowered taxes
Patron of the arts
Welcomed the Jesuits who told them of science, medicine, mathematics, etc. in Europe

33. China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
Qian-long:
Kangxi grandson
China reached its greatest size and prosperity

34. China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
Chinese continue isolation
China, center of universe
If foreigners wanted to trade, they had to follow the Chinese rules
Special ports & tribute
Dutch followed the rules
Dutch returned w/ many
trade items including a new
one…TEA.
By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to Europe

35. China: Qing Dynasty (cont’d)
British also wanted to trade, but didn’t like the rules
1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a letter from the king asking for better arrangements
Qian-long declined
This leads to problems later

36. VII. Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Role of Family
Most farmed
Agriculture improved b/c of irrigation and fertilizers
This caused increase in food production
Thus, an increase in population

37. Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (cont’d)
Favored sons over daughters
Only son could perform religious rituals
Sons raised families under parents roofs
(remember that they took care of aging parents!)
Women worked the fields, took care of the children's education, and managed the finances

38. Life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (cont’d)
Cultural Developments
Traditional Chinese fiction
written at this time
Artists painted in traditional
style
Experimentation in ceramics
led to high-quality, including
porcelain
Drama very popular

39. VIII. Japan’s 3 Daimyo Background
In the 1300s Japan had developed unity under the Shoguns (military rulers). In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s feudal system and the country slipped into chaos as violent disorder followed. AKA-”Warring States” period. Eventually powerful samurais gained control and offered protection to peasants in return for loyalty. Their new system of feudalism resembled that in Europe, with castles, small armies, and now, muskets.

40. Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
Daimyo: warrior chieftains who become lords in Japan
Oda Nobunaga: brutal and ambitious daimyo who hoped to gain enough power to take the whole country.
Seized the capital in 1568
“rule the empire by force”
1st to use muskets in Japanese battle
1582 committed seppuku (ritual of
suicide of a samurai) when one of his
own generals turned on him

41. Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Nobunaga’s best general, continued his mission of destroying the daimyo that remained hostile
By 1590 he controlled most of Japan
Wanted to conquer China, so sent troops to Korea (allies with Ming)
Hideyoshi died 1598, troops w/drew from Korea

42. Japan’s 3 Daimyo (cont’d)
Tokugawa Ieyasu:
completed the unification
of Japan
1600, defeated rivals
Became sole ruler of Japan
Tamed the daimyo at the local level by requiring them to spend every other year in the capital
Founded Tokugawa Shogunate: dynasty of shoguns that ruled Japan until 1876

43. IX. Life in Japan Society Emperor (figure-head)
Very structured
Emperor (figure-head)
Shogun: military commander who actually held power
Daimyo: powerful landholding samurai
Samurai Warriors
Peasants and Artisans
Merchants; eventually became more important as Japan’s economy expanded

44. Life in Japan (cont’d) Confucian values influenced ideas about society
Depended on agriculture
Peasants made ideal citizens, bore majority of tax burden
Many left farming and tried to make it as samurais, artisans, and merchants
By 1700s, Japan began to shift from rural to urban society

45. Life in Japan (cont’d) Culture Samurai attended dramas
Read tales of courage
New literature, drama, and art emerge
Haiku: syllable, 3-line verse poetry
Presents images rather than ideas
Kabuki: type of drama where music, dance, and mime are used to present stories

46. Life in Japan (cont’d) Contact between Japan and Europe
Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th century and were welcomed
Shipwrecked Portuguese washed up on their shores
Brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, firearms, & other unfamiliar items
Daimyo very interested in firearms (traditional weapon was sword). They wanted every advantage over others
Many samurai kept the traditional sword and lost badly in battle

47. Life in Japan (cont’d) Christians in Japan
1549 Christian missionaries arrived in Japan
Japanese accepted them b/c they associated them with goods from Europe
Converted over 300,000 Japanese
Tokugawa Ieyasu upset b/c these Christians scorned Japanese beliefs & involved themselves in politics
Didn’t do anything b/c he didn’t want to drive off the new merchants

48. Life in Japan (cont’d) * This led to Japanese exclusion policy!
Ieyasu died in 1616
In 1637, 30,000 peasants revolted against the Shogunate.
b/c so many rebels were Christian, they blamed them for the rebellion
After that, they ruthlessly persecuted Christians and forced Japanese to demonstrate Buddhism
* This led to Japanese exclusion policy!

49. X. Japan’s Closed Country Policy
At first, Japan welcomed new trade
Over time, they realized they could safely exclude both missionaries and merchants
1639 they sealed their borders and instituted their “Closed Country Policy”
Only ONE port, Nagasaki, remained open to Chinese and Dutch.

50. Japan’s Closed Country Policy (cont’d)
For 200 yrs, Japan remained basically closed to Europeans.
AND Japanese were forbidden to leave!
Japan went on to develop self-sufficiently, free of European attempts to colonize