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Life’s Structure and Classification
Chapter 8, Pages
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Living Things ___________-any __________ thing
Organisms can vary in size from ____________ __________ to __________ ______ __________. Organism living Microscopic bacteria Gigantic oak trees
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Living Things organized Living things are __________. Cells organism
________-are the smallest unit of an ___________ that carry on the _____________ of life. Each ______ has an orderly structure and contains the ________ for cellular organization and ___________ in its ____________ material Cells organism functions cell instructions function hereditary
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Cougars Share Do you think all cells are all the same or are cells different depending on their function? Explain
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Living Things grow develop 2. Living things _______ and __________
Growth of many-celled organisms is mostly due to an increase in the __________ of cells Growth of one-celled organisms is due to an increase in the _____ of the cell _______________-all of the _________ that take place during the ______ of the organism number size changes Development life
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Living Things respond 3. Living things _________ interact surroundings
Living things must ___________ with their ________________ ___________-anything that causes some _________ in an ____________ The reaction to a __________ is a ___________ interact surroundings Stimulus change organism stimulus response
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Living Things Maintain homeostasis
_______________-the regulation of an organism’s __________, life-maintaining conditions despite changes in its ______________ Homeostasis internal environment
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Living Things Use energy 5. Living things _____ _______ directly sun
The energy used by most organisms comes either _________ or indirectly from the ______ directly sun
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Cougars Share What organisms can get energy directly from the sun?
How do other organisms get energy? Plants Eat food
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If all cats stopped reproducing, cats would eventually die off
Living Things reproduce 6. Living things ___________ Reproduction enables living things to make _______ of their own ________ If all the individuals for a specific organism never reproduced that organism would die out Example: more kind If all cats stopped reproducing, cats would eventually die off
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Cougars Share Of these 6 characteristics of life which are important to the survival of a species and which are important to the organisms itself?
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Living Things What do all living things need? A ________ to ______
This place must be ________ to the organism’s _________needs This place must also provide enough ________ for the organism place live suited unique space
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Living Things water 2. ________ Transport materials between
All organisms must take in water from their surroundings Water performs many functions such as ___________ _________ within a cell and ___________ cells Transport materials between
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Living Things Food sources 3. ______ ________ proteins sugars fats
Living things are made up of substances such as ___________, _______, and __________ Some organisms _______ these substances, other must ______ in these substances in the form of food When organisms die these substances are released into the _____________and used again by other ________ ____________ proteins sugars fats make take environment Living organisms
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How are Living Things Classified
Linnaeus grouping __________ developed a new system of __________ organisms and a ________ _________ system Based on looking for organisms with ___________ _________ __________ ______________- two-word __________ system that Linnaeus used to name various ___________ This name is an organism’s ___________ Organisms of the same species can _______ and produce _________ _________ Scientific naming Similar structures Binomial nomenclature naming organisms species mate Fertile offspring
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How are Living Things Classified
genus _______- a group of similar species First word of the two-word name Second word usually __________ a feature and is _________ for each _________ _______ is the language used for scientific names unique describes species Latin
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How are Living Things Classified
Why use scientific names? Help avoid __________ by distinguishing organism with ________ names Organisms with similar _____________ histories are __________ together Scientific names give ____________ information about the ________ Scientific names allow _____________ about organisms to be ___________ easily and ___________ confusion unique evolutionary classified descriptive species information organized efficiently
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How are Living Things Classified
phylogeny evolutionary ____________- the ____________ history of an organism, how the organism has ___________ over time Order for classification of organisms: ___________ → _________ → ________ → ________ → ________ → ________ → _________ changed kingdom phylum class order family genus species
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How are Living Things Classified
Field guides Dichotomous keys Scientists use _______ _______ and _____________ ______ to identify organisms Most ______ _______ have _____________ and illustrations of organisms and information about where each organism _______ A ____________ _______ is a detailed list of identifying ______________ that includes scientific names Field guides descriptions lives Dichotomous keys characteristics
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Wildcats share
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Cell Structure Cell theory organisms cells basic organization cells
______ _______ consists of three parts All ____________ are made up of one or more _______ The cell is the ________ unit of _____________ in organisms All cells come from _______ organisms cells basic organization cells
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Cell Structure Prokaryote Membrane-bound Eukaryotic with nutrients
____________- cells without ___________________ structures ____________- cells _____ membrane-bound structures All cells must constantly take in ___________, store, produce, and _____________ substances, and take in and use _________ Eukaryotic with nutrients breakdown energy
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Cell Structure Cell walls rigid protect shape plants bacteria
_____ ______- are tough, _______ outer coverings that ________ cells and give them _______ Found on the cells of ________, algae, fungi, and most _________ Mostly made up of a _______________ called ___________ protect shape plants bacteria carbohydrate cellulose
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Cell Structure Cell membrane layer Regulates environment Cytoplasm
_____ ___________- the protective _______ surrounding every cell ____________ interactions between the cell and its ______________ ___________- ____________ substance cells are filled with Most of a cell’s _____ __________ occur here ___________ _________ is found here in _____________ cells Regulates environment Cytoplasm gelatin like Life processes Hereditary material prokaryotic
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Cell Structure Cytoskeleton maintain cytoplasm shape move protein
_____________- a framework found throughout the ___________ which helps the cell __________ or change its ________ and enables some cells to _______ One substance that takes part in nearly every cell activity is _________ ___________- small structures where ______ make their own proteins Receive directions from hereditary material on how, when, and in what order to make specific proteins maintain cytoplasm shape move protein Ribosomes cells
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Cell Structure organelles eukaryotic Nucleus DNA Nucleolus nucleus
___________- structures within the cytoplasm of __________ cells _________- directs all cellular activities and contain ______ Materials enter and leave the nucleus through openings in its membrane ___________- structure found in the _________ where most ____________ are made in ___________cells Nucleus DNA Nucleolus nucleus ribosomes eukaryotic
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Cell Structure Chloroplasts plant food Chlorophyll leaves stems
______________- green organelles found within the cytoplasm of _______ cells where _______ is made ____________- green pigment which gives many _______ and ________ their color ______________-are organelles where ________ is released when food is broken down into _________ _______ and water Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain ___________ and __________ ________ plant food Chlorophyll leaves stems Mitochondria energy Carbon dioxide ribosomes Hereditary material
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Structure Endoplasmic reticulum ____________ __________ (E.R.)- a series of folded ____________ in which ___________ can be processed and moved around ________ of the cell Can be _________ or __________ Rough E.R. have ____________ attached _______ ______- stacked and ___________ membranes that sort _________ and other cellular substances and package them into membrane-bound structures called _________ membranes materials inside rough smooth ribosomes flattened Golgi bodies proteins vesicles
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Cell Structure Vesicles cellular outside Vacuoles temporary food
__________- deliver cellular substances to areas inside the cell, and carry _________ substances to the cell membrane where they are released to the _________ of the cell __________- place for the ____________ storage of materials, like water, waste products, ______, and other cellular materials cellular outside Vacuoles temporary food
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Cell Structure Lysosomes chemicals Cell wastes viruses
____________- contain digestive __________ that help break down food molecules, ______ ______, worn-out cell parts, and _______ and bacteria that enter the cell Cell wastes viruses
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Cell Structure Tissues cells job Organs different together
_________- a group of similar ______ that work together to do one _____ _________- structure made up of two or more _________ types of tissues that work _________ _______ _______- a group of organs working _________ to perform a certain _________ job Organs different together Organ system together function
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Viruses Virus hereditary protein virus Host cell activated stimuli
_______- is a strand of ___________ material surrounded by a _________ coating ____ _____- living cell in which a ______ can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until __________ by environmental _________ Viruses don’t have a _________, other organelles, or a cell membrane protein virus Host cell activated stimuli nucleus
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Viruses specific Antibiotics immunity Vaccinations
Most viruses can infect only ________ kinds of cells ____________ do not work against viral diseases ______________ can be developed to create ___________ against a virus Antibiotics Vaccinations immunity
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