1. Schistosomiasis Virginia, Giselle, & Nick BIOL 065: Pneumonia & Flu Thursday, April 19, 2012

2. Schistosoma literally means Split Body in Greek

3. Facts & Figures A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention o World Health Organization 207 Million infections worldwide Prevalent in 76 countries Causes 22,000 deaths per year

4. History First recorded in 1850 BC in Egypt o Scrolls contain writings of treatment and symptoms o Mummified bodies contain eggs in kidneys o Spread to China by 200 BC Theodore Bilharz – 1851 o First discovered the parasite in human tissue and eggs in excrement Lt. Col. Robert Thomson Leiper – 1915 o First documented lifecycle and mode of transmission Africa is the most prominent location of the parasite and infection in the current era

5. The schistosome is capable of infecting humans through direct contact with intact skin

6. Risk Factors Schistosomes are not specific to the humans and other mammals they infect Living near bodies of freshwater with a high population of snails Specific Lifestyles o Men whose work requires that they wade in contaminated lakes and rivers o Women who use contaminated fresh water sources to wash clothes and dishes o Children who play in contaminated streams and ponds

7. The stage of the worm that swims in freshwater and infects humans

8. Organism Genus: Schistosoma o 3 widespread species cause infection S. haematobium, S. japonicum, & S. mansoni o 2 more localized species cause infection S. intercalatum & S. mekongi o Additional species cause infection in other animals but rarely in humans Digenetic Parasite o Alternatively reproduces sexually and asexually within a suitable host

9. Lifecycle of Blood Fluke Parasitic worms penetrate skin and infect human host Parasites reside in blood vessels surrounding intestines or bladder where they release eggs into feces or urine Cycle continues once eggs enter rivers and streams due to poor sanitation control Once in river, worms complete their lifecycle within freshwater snails Monsters Inside Me: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnlYUe57Lr0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnlYUe57Lr0

11. The female worm resides in the groove of the male worm once inside of the mammals body for maturation and reproduction

12. Symptoms Eggs: o Most often pass through the body with few symptoms o Growth impairment o Paralysis o Death Adult worms: o Rash o Abdominal pain o Slight cough o Diarrhea o Chills o Fever o Eosinophilia o Enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen and liver o Anemia o Malnutrition o Hypertension o Fibrosis o Calcification

13. Diagnosis & Treatment Diagnosis: o The most important factor in diagnosis is collecting the patient history for the case. o The most common definitive diagnosis tool is the microscopic identification of schistosoma eggs in stool or urine. Smears can be for stool or urine depending on the kind of schistosomiasis. o Pelvic x-rays and tissue biopsies may also be used to diagnosis. Treatment: o Medication Praziquantel in single oral doses based on patient This drug is only effective on the adult worms not eggs

14. The 3 types of schistosoma eggs and as they would be seen in a microscopic biopsy examination of infected human tissue

15. Prevention Avoidance of contaminated bodies of water o Includes stagnant water where breeding of parasites and bacteria can occur easiest Eradication of snails that cause schistosomiasis o Can be achieved through the use of Carnivorous crayfish Molluscicides Treating drinking water with chemicals such as iodine and boiling it to remove harmful agents Should you still come into contact one can dry themselves vigorously with a towel to prevent the parasite from penetrating the skin

16. References (from Research Paper) Ahmed, S. H. (2011, October 28). Schistosomiasis. In Drugs, Diseases & Procedures. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from Medscape Reference website: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview#a0101 Brightman, C. (2011, September/October). Schistosomiasis. Travel Health, 38-42. Brown, M. (2011). Schistosomiasis. Clinical Medicine, 11(5), 479-82. Crawford, D. H. (2007). Microbes jump species. In Deadly Companions (pp. 69-73). New York, USA: Oxford University Press, Inc. Schistosomiasis [Fact Sheet]. (2012, January). Retrieved April 1, 2012, from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/index.html Schistosomiasis FAQs. (2010, November 2). Parasites - Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/gen_info/faqs.html "On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this assignment" - Virginia Davis, Nick Dillon, & Giselle Montgomery Honor Code