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Two Intellectual Trends of the 1700’s
The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
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Causes Concern over Enlightenment rationalism
Concern that people were being led astray from piety toward materialism Frontier areas which contained the “unchurched” Religious stagnation Clerical intellectualism
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Charateristics Jonathan Edwards Massachusetts intellectual
Delivered famous sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
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Characteristics George Whitefield English entertainer and preacher
Toured the colonies giving sermons Portable pulpit
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Characteristics Emotional style sermons with passionate appeals to repent “New Lights” emphasized open spirit over a disciplined mind Rejected predestination and taught about EARNING salvation Spread throughout the colonies, cutting across economic, social, racial lines
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Southern Evangelist
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Characteristics Camp meetings were held in more rural areas
People often experienced emotionally wrenching “conversion experiences” Most New Light preachers were copycats of Whitefield or Edwards
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Camp Meeting
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Effects Splintering of protestant denominations: Congregationalists and Presbyterians Rapid growth of Baptists, Methodists Weakening of established churches Brought in new members to Protestant churches Prompted missionary efforts among native Americans and African Americans
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Effects Created opposition to royal colonial officials who supported the Anglican church Democratic spirit in religion that rejected an “elect group” and an overly intellectual clergy The first “unifying” experience in the American colonies
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Effects Creation of New Light colleges Princeton 1746- Presbyterians
Brown Baptist Rutgers Dutch Reformed King’s College (Columbia) Anglican Dartmouth Congregationalist
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College of New Jersey (Princeton)
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Trend 2: The Enlightenment
Intellectual revolution that emphasized Science over religion Reason over faith Doubt of traditional authority Belief in unlimited possibility of progress
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New Ideas from the Enlightenment
Enlightened Despotism Humanitarianism Atheism Deism
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2 American Deists
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Adam Smith Father of “laissez-faire” capitalism
Natural laws of supply and demand
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The Wealth of Nations
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Baron de Montesquieu Wrote a book called The Spirit of the Laws
Separation of powers Checks and balances
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Jean Jacques Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract
Advocated the rule of the majority Criticized immorality and corruption of modern society
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John Locke 2nd Treatise on Government
Advocated natural rights of life liberty and property Advocated the right to revolt when govt. fails to protect those rights
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Voltaire Advocated religious freedom and wrote many works criticizing intolerance in religion Advocated freedom of speech: “I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
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