1. Tourism Development in Christian and Langaman Kondre in Suriname. Criteria for evaluating success.

2. Community Structure Type: Indigenous Peoples; Carib Amerindian Population:1,200 persons Employment: ~30% Per Capita Income (estimated USD 50 - 200) Income generation (by type): fishing, tourism, other

3. Culture Fishing Traditional dance Production of cassava bread and cassiri, cassava rum

4. Marine Turtles 4 species known to nest in Galibi NR Warana, olive ridley or LO once nested in high abundance Leatherback, DC and green turtles, CM nest also in high densities The hawksbill, EI nest in low densities

5. Tradition: Marine Turtles Villages are located near turtle nesting beaches Beach visits to turtle watch Egg collection for local consumption Turtle egg consumption…. a significant component of traditional diet

6. Turtle Conservation 1960s Galibi NR created to protect nesting sites of turtles Nesting females protected Fishing of turtles banned Disturbance of nesting habitats not permitted Access to turtle resource restricted Permission required to harvest eggs

7. Turtle Conservation 2002: marine turtles fully protected. No longer possible to harvest eggs. Negative reaction from villagers as access to marine turtles now completely restricted.

8. Marine Turtle Conservation: Target Audience Egg poachers Egg consumers Middle men and merchants

9. Egg poachers Mainly from ChristianKondre and LangamanKondre Males (15 – 55 yrs) Most (80%) unemployed residents Others are part-time and full-time fishermen

10. Egg Consumers Reported to be most (90%) village residents Large proportion of Indonesian, East Indian, Creole coastal population Males and females (18 – 80 yrs) All occupations

11. Middlemen and Merchants Residents from Galibi villages, the surrounding communities closer to Albina, Paramaribo Employed persons Males, with access to vehicles

12. Drivers of Egg Poaching 1.Tradition: egg consumption is part of Surinamese (Indonesian and Amerindian) culture (consumers) 2.Enjoyment: turtle eggs are reported to be very tasty and fun to eat (consumers) 3.Affordable and nutritional (consumers) 4.Good income generator (collectors and vendors)

13. WWF Interest in Tourism Reduce egg collection Alternative to coastal seine fishing Marine Turtle Conservation support…..

14. Ecotourism Alternative or compensation for loss of access to the resource Contribute to the livelihoods of the peoples of Galibi

15. Ecotourism Assumption: non-consumptive exploitation of marine turtles ………may generate as much or more social and economic benefits to the local communities ……… than consumption of the marine turtle eggs and meat.

16. Ecotourism in Galibi

17. Tourists transported from Paramaribo to town of Albina and then to the villages by large canoe: 60 – 90 mins. Visitors stay at small lodges within the village Stays are for 1 – 2 days on average All meals provided by the lodge Visitors are transported at night to the nesting beaches by boat Beach visits conducted by trained tour guides

18. Who is involved? Boat owners 100% local Stidunal (NGO responsible for tourism development in Galibi) 100% local Boat operators 100% local Guest house owners 100% local Cooks 80% local Tour guides (50% local, 50% Paramaribo)

19. Ecotourism in Galibi. Who are the beneficiaries? Tour operators Boat owners Boat operators Guest house owners Housekeepers Cooks Tour guides

20. Does ecotourism in Galibi impact on the livelihoods of marine turtle egg collectors and consumers?

21. Is ecotourism achieving its desired objective? Is there a contribution to turtle conservation? And if not Consider…….

22. How can the tourism package be adjusted to ensure equity in returns to community residents?

23. How may we expand benefits to embrace target groups relevant to turtle conservation?

24. Training packages in tourism for unemployed persons in the community. Reserve 50% of tour guide jobs for trained ex-poachers. Increase access to tourism transport to all boat owners including egg poachers. Use nature fee to support alternative income generating projects identified to directly help persons involved in poaching. Recommendations

25. Criteria for Success 1.Activities are legal and socially acceptable. 2.Activities are biodiversity friendly or contribute to biodiversity conservation. 3.Benefits are clearly visible, measurable and long term. 4.Benefits extend to relevant target groups. 5.Benefits are socially, economically and or culturally comparable to any that they are intended to substitute. 6.Benefits do not disadvantage any social, or economic group in the community.

26. Let us ensure that eco-tourism is truly a tool for turtle conservation. Not only must activities be environmentally sustainable, benefits must also be clearly relevant to all stakeholders. Thank You