1. KS3 Spine Energy 1. Energy stores
Objects can have stored energy either because of:
Their chemical composition – chemical
Their movement – kinetic
Their temperature – thermal
Their position in a field – gravitational potential, magnetic, electric
Compression or distortion of an elastic material – elastic potential
4. Lifting objects above the ground
Energy can be stored by lifting it higher above ground – gravitational potential.
When it is released and falls, this energy is stored in its motion – kinetic.
During this transfer some
energy will be dissipated.
6. Batteries and electrical current
The chemicals in the cells of a battery store energy.
This energy is transferred to charged particles when the battery is connected to a complete circuit.
This causes the current to flow, transferring energy to other parts of the circuit.
3. Energy transfers and dissipation
The unit for energy is the joule.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be transferred to
other useful energy stores
or dissipated.
We can use diagrams to
show these transfers.
7. Methods of thermal energy transfer
Thermal energy can be transferred by particles, using conduction and convection. It can also be transferred by radiation.
Internal energy is the energy stored in a system by the particles. When heat is added the internal energy of the particles increases.
8. Energy resources
Fuels such as oil, gas, coal and wood are energy resources.
Some energy resources are renewable, such as those produced by wind, waves, sunlight and tides.
Others are non-renewable such as those formed by burning fossil fuels with oxygen.
5. Heat and temperature
Heat is an energy store whereas temperature is a measure of how hot something is.
An object at higher temperature transfers thermal energy to the surroundings until they are at the same temperature.
How quickly this happens
depends on the thermal
conductivity of the materials.
2. Work
When work is done by a force, it results in an energy transfer and leads to energy being stored by an object.
These books have been lifted
into the air; work has therefore
been done. Energy has been
transferred to the books and
is now stored in them.
KS3 Spine
Energy
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2. The amount of energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a material without changing its temperature is called…
Name 4 pathways energy can take when being transferred:
Name the 8 stores of energy and provide a description for each.
What is a conductor?
What is an insulator?
What is the principle of conservation of energy?
What are the units of energy?
How much energy is needed to melt 120g of ice?
The specific latent heat of melting for water is 340,000 J/kg.
Heat transfer:
Match up the statements with the type of heat transfer: (you need to name the three types of heat transfer first)
Label the following graph with three states of matter and two changes in state:
The colour of an object affects this
Heat energy is passed from one particle to the next by vibrations
Does not need particles – can travel through a vacuum.
Only occurs in liquids and gases.
Particles carry their heat energy from one place to another
Mostly occurs in solids.
Heat energy travels as a wave

3. Lead has a density of 11. 5g/cm3
Lead has a density of 11.5g/cm3. A rectangular block of lead measures 7cm ×5cm×2cm. 
Find the volume of the block of lead. 
Find the mass of the block of lead   
A plywood plank measures 1cm ×8cm×90cm and  weighs 396g. 
Find the volume of the plywood plank. 
Find the density of the plywood.   
The petrol in a petrol can weighs 2000g. The density of petrol is 0.8g/cm3. Find the volume of the petrol in the can in: 
cm3               
litres               (1000cm3=1 litre)
These books have been lifted off the ground.
What energy store do these books have?
If these books were to fall what would happen to this stored energy?
If an ice cube were placed on a table it would melt. Explain why in terms of energy transfer.
When a torch is switched on, not all of the energy stored in a battery is transferred to useful light in the bulb. What has happened to the remaining energy?
Calculate the efficiency of an object that has a total input energy of 300J and a useful energy output of 60J.
What is heat?
What is temperature?
Look at the following diagram of a rollercoaster.
Describe the energy transfers which take place as the rollercoaster car travels from the top of a hill down to the bottom.
Explain why the second hill on a roller coaster has to be lower than the first.
Which of the following would store the most energy and why?
Cup of water at 70oC
Swimming pool at 30oC
Bucket of water at 100oC.

4. Science KS3 Energy Glossary: Activities
Kinetic energy store Stored in a moving object.
Chemical energy store Energy stored because of the chemical composition of an object.
Non-renewable Energy resources that will run out.
Conduction Method of transferring heat in solids.
Radiation Method of transferring heat which does not need particles.
Convection Method of transferring heat in liquids and gases.
Renewable Energy resources which can be replaced.
Dissipation Energy stored in a less useful way.
Temperature A measure of how hot something is.
Elastic potential energy store Stored in a compressed or twisted elastic material.
Thermal conductivity A measure of how well an object transfers heat.
Energy transfer Energy moved from one store to another.
Thermal energy store Stored because of the object’s temperature.
Gravitational energy store Stored because of the position of the object above ground.
Work causes energy to be transferred from one store to another.
Internal energy Energy stored in the system by particles.
Joule Unit of energy
Activities
These books have been lifted off the ground.
What energy store do these books have?
If these books were to fall what would happen to this stored energy?
If an ice cube were placed on a table it would melt. Explain why in terms of energy transfer.
When a torch is switched on, not all of the energy stored in a battery is transferred to useful light in the bulb. What has happened to the remaining energy?
Describe how heat is transferred by:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Look at the following diagram of a rollercoaster.
Which of the following would store the most energy and why?
Cup of water at 70oC
Swimming pool at 30oC
Bucket of water at 100oC.
QUICK QUESTIONS:
Name 3 methods of transferring thermal energy from one substance or place to another.
Describe the energy transfers which take place as the rollercoaster car travels from the top of a hill down to the bottom.
State five reasons why objects might have stored energy.
Explain why the second hill on a roller coaster has to be lower than the first.
Explain the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
Explain the difference between heat and temperature.
Sate the unit for energy.
© March 2019 PiXL Spine Strategy and templates: The PiXL Club Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. What do you use to measure potential difference in a circuit?
Draw the circuit symbol…
What do you use to measure current in a circuit?
Draw the circuit symbol…
What is the equation for charge flow?
What are the units for charge?
What is electrical current?
What are the units for current?
What kind of charge do electrons have?
Describe the current in s series circuit…
What are the units for potential difference?
What is potential difference?
Describe the potential difference in a series circuit….
Electric Circuits
What is the equation for potential difference across a component?
Describe the potential difference in a parallel circuit….
Draw a simple series circuit diagram.
What is Ohm’s Law?
What are the units for resistance?
What is resistance?
Draw the circuit diagram for testing the resistance of electrical components..
Draw a simple parallel circuit diagram.
What is the equation for resistance?
Describe the current in s parallel circuit…

6. Science KS3 All matter in the universe is made of very small particles
Glossary:
Freezing Change in state from liquid to solid.
Atom Basic building blocks of all substances.
Insoluble Describes a substance that will not dissolve in a solvent.
Chromatography Separates mixtures of soluble substances.
Melting Change in state from solid to liquid.
Compound Substances containing two or more types of atom.
Mixture Different substances together which can be easily separated.
Condensation Change in state from gas to liquid.
Soluble Describes a substance that will dissolve in a solvent.
Distillation Separates a liquid from a mixture. Involves evaporation and condensation.
Solute The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.
Element Substances made of only one type of atom.
Solution The mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent.
Evaporation Change in state from liquid to gas.
Solvent The liquid in which a solute dissolves.
Filtration Separates insoluble substances form a solvent.
Activities
Explain how a solid melts in terms of energy and forces between particles.
Explain why ice and iron have different melting points. Your answer should consider the forces of attraction between the particles.
Rock salt contains sand and salt. A student mixed rock salt in warm water. Describe how the student would separate out the sand, salt and water from the mixture formed. You will need to consider the question carefully as the water needs to be collected too.
Explain the difference between an atom, an element, a compound and a mixture using the gases found in air as examples. Substances you could use in your answer include: oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon.
When a volcano erupts liquid rock (magma) is released along with hot gases. The magma cools and turns into solid rock.
Look at the diagrams in the table below. For each one answer the following questions:
Name the separating technique.
Describe the changes in the movement of the particles in the magma as it cools.
Name the pieces of equipment included in the diagram.
Describe how the equipment is used to separate mixtures. Make sure you include key scientific terms including changes in state if appropriate.
Describe the arrangement of particles in the hot gases and explain how they are different to those in a liquid.   
QUICK QUESTIONS:
Draw diagrams representing the particles in a solid, liquid and gas.
Describe how the particles move in a solid, liquid and gas.
State the name of the process in each of the following changes:
Solid to liquid
Liquid to solid
Gas to liquid
Liquid to gas. 1 2 3 4
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7. All matter in the universe is made of small particles
If we could divide any substance down into smaller and smaller pieces we could see it is made of tiny particles.
These particles are so small they could
not be seen using a microscope.
We can represent these particles in
models using spheres.
4. Changes in states of matter
A solid melts when it is heated because the particles are gaining energy. This energy is used to break the forces of attraction between the molecules. The more energy a particle has the faster it can move.
6. Elements and mixtures
This diagram shows a mixture
of elements.
Mixtures can be easily separated
using techniques such as:
Filtration
Distillation
Chromatography
3. Differences in states of matter
In solids the particles are closely spaced and vibrating. In liquids there is random motion but the particles are in contact.
In a gas there is random motion
and the particles are widely spaced.
Liquids and gases flow and completely fill their container. Gases can be compressed.
7. Compounds
Atoms of different elements can combine together to form a very large number of compounds.
8. Reactions and properties
A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances, while the total number of atoms stays the same (see image above).
The properties of different materials can be explained in terms of the behaviour of the atoms and groups of atoms of which they are made.
5. Atoms and elements
Atoms are the basic building blocks of all living and non-living things anywhere in the universe.
There are just over 100 different types of atom.
Substances made of only one kind of atom are called elements.
All the known elements are listed
in the periodic table of elements.
2. States of matter
Three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
Evaporating
Freezing
Melting
Condensing
Solid
Liquid
Gas +
Elements
Compounds
KS3 Spine
All matter in the universe
is made of small particles
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8. The development of the model of the atom
1.Who described atoms as solid spheres in the early 19th century?
2.Whose experiments provided evidence of the neutron?
3.Rutherford and Marsden developed a new model of the atom based on their alpha particle experiments.
Describe the alpha particle experiments and their results
Suggest why evidence from this experiment disproved the plum pudding model
4.Bohr built upon the work by Ernest Rutherford in developing the nuclear model further.What did Bohr suggest about the arrangement of the electrons within the atom?
Label the following models of the atom with a title and annotate the diagrams to describe them .

9. Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles and Size and mass of atoms
What is the relative size of the nucleus compared to the atom
Atoms are uncharged particles. Explain why
What are isotopes?
Explain with reference to subatomic particles why Carbon 12 and Carbon 13 are isotopes of each other 9

10. Chemistry– Atomic structure and the periodic table – atoms, elements, compounds, mixtures, periodic table
Draw and label the structure of the atom.
What does the group number and the period tell you about the element.
Group Number:
Period Number:
Labels the groups, high-light the metals and non-metals, identify the atomic number and relative atomic mass on the below Periodic table.
How many electrons are able to go in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd shells?
State the relative mass and relative charge of a proton, electron and neutron.
Draw an electron shell diagram for sodium.
Draw an electron shell diagram for cholorine
Define the terms:
Element
Compound
Mixture
Atom
Balance the equations:
Mg O2  MgO
Al + O2  Al2O3
Describe Rutherford’s theory for the atom and describe the experiment that allowed him to come up with this theory.

11. Chemistry – Atomic structure and the periodic table – Group 1, 7, 0
Name the elements found in Group 1.
Name the elements found in Group 7.
Name the elements found in Group 0.
Complete the word equations for the below reactions:
Sodium + oxygen 
Lithium + water 
Potassium + iodine 
Sodium + chlorine 
Lithium + fluorine 
State the name of Group 1.
State the name of Group 7.
State the name of Group 0.
Describe how the reactivity changes as you go down Group 1.
Describe how the reactivity changes as you go down Group 7.
Explain why Group 0 is relatively unreactive.
Which of the following displacement reactions will happen? (Tick/circle the ones that will).
Fluorine + sodium chloride  chlorine + sodium fluoride
Astatine + potassium bromide  bromine + potassium
astatide
Bromine + potassium iodide  iodine + potassium bromide
Group 1 reacts with water to make what? (write the general word equation)
Group 7 elements react to make what?
State the general trends found in Group 0.
State the colour and state for the below at room temperature.
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
Describe some uses of Group 0 elements in everyday life.
Explain why Group 1 metals lose an electron.

12. Science KS3 Cells and organisms
Glossary:
Organ Groups of tissues with the same function e.g. a heart.
Cell Building blocks of living organisms.
Cell membrane Controls movement in and out of cells.
Organ system A group of organs with a specific function.
Cell wall Strengthens the cell.
Organism An individual living thing e.g. bacteria or a human.
Chloroplast Where photosynthesis occurs.
Cytoplasm Where chemical reactions happen in a cell.
Photosynthesis Chemical reaction which produces glucose.
Embryo Ball of cells formed from a fertilised egg.
Respiration Chemical reaction which releases energy from glucose.
Fertilised egg Formed when a sperm and egg fuse together.
Ribosome For making proteins.
Function
Specialised cell A cell which has a specific function.
Its job.
Microscope Equipment used to see things which are too small to see with the naked eye.
Stem cell
An unspecialised cell.
Tissue Formed from lots of the same type of cell e.g. muscle.
Mitochondria Where respiration occurs.
Nucleus Controls the cell, contains DNA.
Vacuole Filled with cell sap.
Activities
Compare and contrast a plant and animal cell. You should include similarities and differences in your answer.
The following plant cell is specialised.
Explain how it is different to a general plant cell.
The cell is a ‘root hair cell’, how do these differences link to its function?
Some people are against the use of stem cells because of ethical concerns. Research the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of stem cells in medicine. Produce a summary which:
Explains the difference between adult stem cells and those from an embryo
Specialised cells enable organs to carry out their functions. For each of the following specialised cells state their function.
Explains the benefits and potential issues of stem cell use in medicine.
Red blood cell
QUICK QUESTIONS:
Nerve cell
Draw and label a standard plant and animal cell.
Leaf cell
Sperm cell.
State 3 differences between plant and animal cells.
If too much water diffuses into a red blood cell it will burst. Explain what stops this happening in a plant cell.
State the main function of the following body systems:
Breathing system
Circulatory system
In terms of cells, explain how a kitten grows into an adult cat.
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Renal (Kidney) system.
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13. KS3 Spine Cells and organisms 1. Cells
All living things are made of one or more cells which can only be seen through a microscope.
All the basic properties of life are the result of what happens inside cells. This includes:
Reproduction
Respiration
Photosynthesis
4. Cell division
Cells divide for growth and repair.
For an organism to grow the cells need to divide to make more cells. Growth happens because the cells inside the organism divide, not because all the cells become bigger.
6. Tissues and organs
Cells are often organised into tissues.
Tissues contain lots of the same type of cell.
Organs contain groups of tissues with the same function.
Organs can be grouped into organ systems with specific functions.
3. Plant and animal cells
7. Organ systems
In the body, organ systems carry out key functions such as respiration, digestion, elimination of waste and temperature control.
The circulatory system takes substances to and from cells.
The digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces which can be absorbed into the body.
8. Stem cells
Stem cells are not specialised.
They can repair cells by being programmed for different functions.
Stem cells can be found in adults in their bone marrow and in embryos.
As they are not specialised, stem cells could be used to treat certain health conditions by replacing damaged cells.
5. Specialised cells
In multi-cellular organisms there are many different types of cell.
These cells are specialised and are slightly different to the ‘standard’ plant and animal cells. These differences help the cell to carry out its function.
For example, muscle, blood and nerve cells carry out specific functions in an organism.
2. Parts of a cell
Nucleus
Controls the cell
Cell membrane
Controls movement in and out of a cell
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions happen
Mitochondria
Respiration
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Cell wall
Strengthens the cell
Vacuole
Filled with cell sap
KS3 Spine
Cells and organisms
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14. Knowledge Recall Cells and organisms 1. Cells 4. Cell division
6. Tissues and organs
3. Plant and animal cells
7. Organ systems
8. Stem cells
5. Specialised cells
2. Parts of a cell
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Vacuole
Knowledge Recall
Cells and organisms
© March 2019 PiXL Spine Strategy and templates: The PiXL Club Ltd. All rights reserved.

15. What is the name and function (job) of these organs?