1. China's technological achievements and institutional experience in forty years of reform and openness
WANG Yang
College of Philosophy and Sociology, Huaqiao University

2. Research approach: institutional perspective Chinese governance model: Up to down Introduction: : Three institution innovation and their new re-innovation in current time : Strategy of invigorating the country through science and education, National Innovation System (NIS) :Innovation-oriented country, Powerful nation in Science and Technology.

3. China new great inventions.

4. 1.
The first High speed train： invented in Japan
The world's first third party mobile payment platform: palpal in USA in 1998 2.
China successfully develop into world-class industrialization. 3.
Question:
Why China succeed in industrialization of invention？
Why China couldn’t create these original inventions, which is the challenge of China.

5. In the first stage from 1985 to 1995
the new institution innovation
Plan in fundamentals science
2. Torch Plan in industrialization of high Technology,
3. Economic and Technological Development Zone for foreign investment.

6. 1. From 863 Plan To 973 Plan.
In March 1986, China carried out 863 Plan, which is to catch up with world-class science and technology, focusing on relevant few key field, to reduce the gap with developed country, and try to breakthrough in some field in fifteen years.
In March 1997, China carried out 973 Plan, which aim at many important original innovations in fundamental science, and try to get some advantages in world science frontier.

7. 2. Torch Plan in industrialization of high technology
In 1988, Ministry of Science carried out Torch Plan for the industrialization of high-tech, focusing on microelectronics, computers, information science, etc, which is aimed at elevating the ratio of high-tech products in export products.
Today, Torch Plan is re-created to construct Creative Space to hatch new innovation enterprise, which provide free offices, financial supports, and professional advices. Now there are 5739 Creative Space, and 4700 Hatch Center in China.

8. 3. Economic and Technological Development Zone for foreign investment
In 1984, China built Economic and Technological Development Zone in the national level in Chinese 14 cities along the coast, which is for attraction foreign investment. It focus on industry development, attraction for foreign investment, for export production and high-tech development. It is also the window of China open policy.

9. In 2016, Economic and Technological Development Zone are aimed at innovation drive, to develop high-level service industry, high-level industry production and new strategy high-tech industry.
For example, “Internet +” national strategy in new industry production model. Other is the wisdom park which is guided by government, and invested by private enterprise, so that government, real estate company, enterprises and capital market are the community of wisdom park.

10. In the second stage from 1995 to 2006
1. Strategy of invigorating the country through science and education.
2. National Innovation System(NIS) construct hundreds of key national lab and key national engineering center.
3. From 1998 to 2013, enrollment in Chinese university increase ten times.

11. 1. Strategy of invigorating the country through science and education In June 1995, China firstly carried out this strategy, and put science and education in the important place, elevating the ratio of science, technology to economy development. In 1997, the new government law require that more high speedily fund increase in Science and education, guarantee more rapidly than financial income. Until now, the fund increase in science and education is still more rapid than financial income.

12. 2. National Innovation System(NIS)
In 1987, English economist C. Freeman create the concept of National Innovation System(NIS) in the studies of Japan. In 1997, Chinese Science Academy publish new report to construct National Innovation System. In June 1998, Chinese Science Academy carried out Knowledge Innovation Engineering.
It construct hundreds of key national lab and key national engineering center. Until now, there are average ten millions RMB burget on every national lab.

13. 3. From 1998 to 2013, enrollment in Chinese university increase ten times, which provide abundant scientist and engineers supply.
In 1999, Ministry of Education asking for the enrollment increase in Chinese university.
In 1999,enrollment increase 51,320,000，reach 159,680,000，increase rate reach amazing 47.4%;
In 2000, enrollment increase rate is 38.16%;
In 2001, enrollment increase rate is 21.61%;
In 2002, enrollment increase rate is 19.46%.
In 2013, enrollment increase is stopped by Ministry of Education.

14. in the field of computer and internet industry. In 1997, 150,000 person. In 2002, 320,000. In 2007, 1,530,000. In 2017, 6,000,000. Average increase rate is 30%, twenty times more from 1997 to It is the strong drive to the continuous development of computer and internet industry.

15. In the third stage from 2006 to now
1. Innovation-oriented Country Strategy.
2. Construction in Powerful nation in Science and Technology.

16. 1. Innovation-oriented Country Strategy.
In January 2006, China publish its national Innovation- oriented Country Strategy, which take enterprise as the innovation body, increase the fund in science and technology larger than before, and national innovation system construction, etc.
Innovation-oriented Country Strategy will be promote Chinese independent innovation capability, and lead to the direction of future of new science and technology, which include the scientific appraisal, scientific fund management reforms. 。

17. What is innovation country？
1.the ratio of contribution of science and technology to economical development is beyond 70%.
2. R&D/ GDP reach 2%
3. the degree of foreign technology dependent is less than 30%.
in 2016, China R&D/ GDP reach 2%, which rank the middle of innovation-developed country.

18. 2. Construction in Powerful nation in Science and Technology.
In 2016, China put forward the strategy to construct powerful nation in science and technology, with the idea of innovation is the first drive to lead national development, sustaining the whole new development.
There are three strategic orientations,
faced with world frontier of science and technology
the orientation of economical development.
the important demand of national need.

19. faced with world frontier of science and technology
quantum computer, high-temperature superconductivity, Neutrino Oscillation,etc. 
2) the orientation of economical development.
C919 airplane, 5G in communication, high-speed train.etc.
3) the important demand of national need.
manned spaceflights, the lunar exploration program, man ned deep-sea submersible, supercomputers and high- speed railways. 

20. China new challenge in construction of world powerful nation in science and technology
1. China must get more origin innovation, disruptive innovation and collaborative innovation. We must strengthen with applied science studies, with construction in quality powerful nation, internet powerful nation, etc.
2. Enterprise as the body of innovation is the key of national innovation system. Reverse innovation is special urgent, to drive the cooperation between university, research institute and enterprise.
3. Innovation culture is of vital for innovation, such as allowance of trial and error, foster spirit of enterpriser, and protection of intellectual property.

21. conclusion
1.Institution reform is the key to the continuous rapid development in Chinese science and technology.
2. Developing country must have its own strategy, instead of following the developed country, owing to its limit money, poor infrastructure in science, and lack of high-quality scientists.
3.All the institution reform should be carried out in the long-run, and re-innovation in late time.

22. Thank you！