1. Medical Parasitology Lab.
Concentration techniques
Flotation Method

2. Concentration Methods
Sedimentation method
Modified Formal- Ether sedimentation technique
Acid- Ether sedimentation technique
Flotation method
Saturated Salt Solution technique
Sheather’s Sugar Centrifugal Flotation technique
Zinc Sulphate Centrifugal Flotation technique
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

3. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Flotation technique
These method use the high specific gravity of a solution to float the lighter ova and cyst. They can be improved by centrifugation.
Advantage:
Easy to perform .
Disadvantage:
Delay in examination can result in distortion.
Larvae and some fluke eggs do not concentrate.
Frequent checking of specific gravity.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

4. Saturated salt solution
Flotation Methods
Saturated salt solution
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

5. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Materials and Method
Boil granular sodium chloride in excess in water to produce a saturated solution which when cooled has a specific gravity of
Half fill a wide- mounted flat bottomed container with the saturated salt solution.
Emulsify 1gm of feces in the solution and strain it to remove the debris from the surface.
Pour the filtrate into meniscus and fill it to the top with saturated salt solution.
Lay a glass slide or large coverslip over the top, avoiding any bubbles being trapped.
Leave for 20 min before quickly inverting the slide.
Scan for ova using the 10x objectives.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

6. Saturated Salt solution technique
Advantages:
It is cheap preparation using simple apparatus.
It concentrates nematode ova well.
Disadvantages:
It doesn’t concentrate cysts.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

7. Sheather’s sugar centrifugal flotation technique
Flotation Methods
Sheather’s sugar centrifugal flotation technique
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

8. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Materials and Method
Sheather’s sugar solution:
Table sugar gm
Distilled water ml
Phenol crystal ( melt in hot water bath) gm
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

9. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Procedures
Soften 1gm of feces with water to a soft.
Strain the aqueous suspension through a wire sieve.
Mix 1 part aqueous suspension with 2 part of Sheather's sugar solution.
Pour into a centrifuge tube, centrifugation 1500 rpm for 10 minutes.
Pour the supernatant into a meniscus and add a sufficient solution to bring the meniscus to the top.
Place a coverslip and wait for 10 minutes.
Examine under microscope.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

10. Sheather’s Sugar solution technique
Advantages:
Reveals most nematode eggs and protozoan cyst.
Disadvantages:
Flukes eggs and tape worm eggs are not demonstrate well.
Also most nematode larvae are not demonstrate well.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

11. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Intestinal Protozoa
Balantidium coli
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

12. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Balantidium coli
Is a parasitic species of ciliate protozoa that cause balantidiasis or Balantidium dysentery.
Balantidium coli has two developmental stages, a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage.
The cyst is the infective stage measures about 50 to 70 µm in diameter, characterized by the presence of a large kidney-shaped macronucleus.
The trophozoite is oval with 2 nuclei and measures approximately 50 to 100 µm long and 40 to 70 µm wide.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

13. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
B.coli Cyst
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14. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
B. coli Trophozoite
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

15. Cryptosporidium parvum
Intestinal Protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

16. Cryptosporidium parvum
Infect human and most mammals.
The infective stage is oocyst containing sporozoites measuring 5u in diameter.
The diagnostics stage is sporocyst containing 4 sporozoites.
Diagnosis:
Detecting oocyst in stool.
Acid-fast stain.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

17. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst
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18. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Tissue Protozoa
Toxoplasma gondii
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

19. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Toxoplasma gondii
Habitat: reticulo-endothelial system, monocyte, and muscle fiber and cause toxoplasmosis.
Humans can acquire Toxoplasma gondii infection by ingestion cyst or sporylated oocyst
Cyst: precipitated in flesh of cow.
Sporulated oocyst: cat feces.
Intermediate host: Human.
Definitive host: Cat.
The tachyzoites are crescent-shaped and measure about 5 µm in length.
Diagnostic stages:
Diagnosis also can be done by detection antibody IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

20. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Tachyzoites
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

21. Trichomonas vaginalis
Urogenital Protozoa
Trichomonas vaginalis
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

22. Trichomonas vaginalis
Is the most common cause of vaginitis, inhabit the urogenital system
There is no cyst stage but only have trophozoite stage.
The trophozoite measures about 15 x 10 µm. The trophozoite has a single nucleus and four flagella and undulating membrane.
Diagnosis:
Male: finding trophozoite in urethral prostatic discharge
Female: finding trophozoite in vaginal discharge.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

23. T. vaginalis Trophozoite
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

24. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Intestinal Cestodes
Hymenolepis nana
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

25. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
Hymenolepis nana
This is one of the most common cestodes of humans, especially children. And it’s the smallest tape worm in man, also called dwarf tape worm.
Eggs measures 30-37u, and have double membrane and contain six hooked oncosphere.
The scolex of  H. nana has four suckers and a short rostellum with hooks.
Infective stage: Eggs.
Diagnosis:
Stool examination to detect the eggs.
Hymenolepsis diminuta is primarily a tapeworm of rodents.  Humans are infected following the accidental ingestion of arthropods containing the cysticercoid stage of the parasite. The ova (60 to 70 µm in diameter) are passed in the stool of infected persons. The ova contain a six-hooked oncosphere and no polar filaments.
The scolex of H. diminuta has four suckers and a rostellum without hooks
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

26. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
H. nana egg
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

27. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
H. nana adult worm
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

28. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012
H. nana scolex
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012