1. Mutations

2. Step 9: Mutation bookwork
Mutations occur when exposure to certain chemicals (called mutagens), radiation (such as UV light from the sun), or mistakes in DNA replication change the DNA sequence in a cell.
Changes in the DNA sequence are usually repaired by the cell, but sometimes they don’t get fixed and are passed on when the cell divides.
However, mutations can have dramatic effects (both helpful and harmful) for the organism!

3. These mutations happen all the time, but most mutations don’t actually affect the organism for several reasons:
Most DNA doesn’t even code for anything.
Many different codons will code for the same amino acid, so sometimes the protein is unchanged
Even though each cell has all of the genes for every protein used in the entire body, most cells don’t even make all of those different proteins.
Even if one cell is mutated, it’s only one out of trillions of cells in the body.
Mutations will only be passed on to the baby if they occur in the germ cells (which become sperm and eggs)

7. Map of the world by natural skin color (The evolution of racism)

8. CANCER!!!