1. MUTATIONS

2. MUTATIONS
MUTATIONS are changes in nucleotide sequence of DNA. What causes mutations?

3. MUTAGENS Mutations are caused by MUTAGENS.
MUTAGENS are physical or chemical treatments that change DNA.
Examples include:
UV light
Radioactive chemicals
Gamma Rays

4. MUTATIONS Permanently alter the base sequences of DNA.
May have no effect, positive, or negative effect for organism.
Sometimes a mutation occurs but still codes for the same amino acid.
Mutations can occur at the gene level and the chromosomal level.

5. GENE MUTATIONS
Point mutations: Change occurs at a single point in DNA sequence.
Substitutions: One base is substituted (switched) with another.
Usually only affects one codon, one corresponding amino acid

6. GENE MUTATIONS
Frame-shift mutation: The codon sequence is altered. May affect more than one codon.
Insertion: A base is inserted into the sequence without a replacement base.
Deletion: A base is deleted from the sequence without a replacement.

7. PB pg. 374 Quick lab “Modeling mutations”
Use the example provided in book on pg. 374 as a guide:
Start with the word gene and change it letter by letter to make new words. Make sure each new word is an actual word but not a proper noun. Write at least four (4) “point mutations” of the word gene.
Show how you could use words to model a frameshift mutation. (Hint: You can use a sentence.)
Use the words in this sentence to model a substitution mutation.