1. Study of external structure
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Study of external structure

2. Primary root develops from radicle
Morphology of flowering plants
The root
Primary root develops from radicle
Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc
Tap root system- primary roots and its branches
Fibrous root system- wheat
Adventitious root system- other functions- banyan tree

3. Morphology of flowering plants
Regions of root

4. Morphology of flowering plants
Modifications of root
Prop roots- banyan tree
Stilt root- sugar cane
Pneumatophores- mangroves

5. Morphology of flowering plants
stem
Nodes and internodes
Absorption of water and minerals, conduction anchorage, storage, protection, spreading out leaves, flowers etc

6. Morphology of flowering plants
Modifications of stem
Underground stem modification for food storage- potato, ginger etc
Tendrils as in cucumber
Axillary buds to thorns as in Citrus

7. Morphology of flowering plants
Modifications of stem
Photosynthesis- cactus
Spreading- grass, chrysanthemum
Vegetative propagation- pistia

8. Morphology of flowering plants
leaf
From node for photosynthesis
Leaf base, petiole and lamina

9. Morphology of flowering plants
leaf
In monocotyledons-sheath
Pulvinus – in leguminous plants
Veins are the channels for conduction

10. Morphology of flowering plants
venation
Arrangement of veins and veinlets
reticulate
parallel

11. Types of leaves Simple- china rose Morphology of flowering plants
Palmately compound leaf
-cotton
Pinnately compund leaf
-neem

12. Morphology of flowering plants
phyllotaxi
Pattern of arrangement of leaves
Alternate- china rose
Opposite- guava
Whorled- alstonia

13. Morphology of flowering plants
Modifications of leaf
Tendrils- peas
Spines- cactus
Food storage- onion
Acacia- stem modified for photosynthesis
insectivorous

14. Morphology of flowering plants
The inflorescence
Flower- modified shoot
Arrangement of flowers- inflorescence
Recemose- ceasalpinia
Cymose- jasmine

15. Morphology of flowering plants
Reproductive unit
Four whorls on thalamus- calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium
Reproductive- androecium, gynoecium
perianth
Acessory- calyx and corolla

16. Morphology of flowering plants
symetry
Actinomorphic- chilly, datura
Zygomorphic- pea, cassia
Asymmetric- canna

17. Morphology of flowering plants
Trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous
Bracteate, ebracteate

18. Morphology of flowering plants
Perigynous- rose
epigunous- sunflower

19. Morphology of flowering plants
Parts of flower
Calyx- sepals, green, protection, gamosepalous/polysepalous
Corolla- coloured,peltals, gamo/polypetalous

20. Morphology of flowering plants
Parts of flower
Arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud
aestivation
Valvate- calotropis
Twisted- cotton
Imbricate-cassia
Vexillary/papilonaceous- pea

21. Morphology of flowering plants
androecium
Composed of stamens
Filament and anther
Staminode- sterile stamen
Epipetalous- attached to petals
Epiphyllous- attached to tepals

22. Morphology of flowering plants
androecium
Polyandrous- remain free
United into one bunch- monoadelphous- china rose
Two bundles- pea
Varying length- salvinia
Polyadelphous- citrus

23. Morphology of flowering plants
gynoecium
Made up of carpels
Carpel- style, stigma and ovary
Ovary bears placenta- ovules
Apocarpous- carpels free
syncarpous- carpels united

24. Morphology of flowering plants
gynoecium
Placentation- arrangement of ovules
Marginal- pea
Parietal-mustard
Free central- primrose
Basal- sunflower

25. Morphology of flowering plants
fruit
Mature ripened ovary
Parthenocarpic fruit- formed without fertilization- banana
Pericarp- walls of fruit, fleshy or dry
Dry pericarp- epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp- coconut, mango

26. Morphology of flowering plants
seed
Ovules develop into seeds
Seed coat and embryo
Embryo- monocotyledon or dicotyledon

27. Morphology of flowering plants
Dicotyledonous seed
Seed coat – testa and tegmen
Hilum- scar where seed attached to fruit
Embryo- embryonal axis and two cotyledons
Micropyle- small pore
Embryonal axis- radicle and plumule
endosperm

28. Morphology of flowering plants
monocotyledonous seed
Seed coat – fused with fruit wall
Aleuron layer-separates endosperm and embryo
Endosperm bulky
One cotyledon- scutellum
Radicle is covered by coleorhiza
Plumule is covered by coleoptile

29. Technical description of flowering plant
Morphology of flowering plants
Technical description of flowering plant
Floral formula-
Br- bracteate
K- calyx
C- corolla
P- perianth
A- androecium
G- gynoecium
G – superior ovary
G- inferior ovary
G half inferior
bisexual
male
actinomorphic
female
zygomorphic

30. Technical description of flowering plant Floral diagam
Morphology of flowering plants
Technical description of flowering plant
Floral diagam

31. K(5) C(5)A5 G(2) Technical description of flowering plant
Morphology of flowering plants
Technical description of flowering plant
K(5) C(5)A5 G(2)

32. K5 C5A(10) G5 Technical description of flowering plant
Morphology of flowering plants
Technical description of flowering plant
K5 C5A(10) G5

33. Morphology of flowering plants Description of some important families
fabaceae
Earlier called Papilionoideae, sub family of Leguminosae
Distributed world over
Vegetative characters
Trees, shrubs,herbs, root with root nodules
Erect stem or climber
Leaves: alternate, pinnaltely compund or simple, leaf base pulvinate, stipulate, reticulate

34. Morphology of flowering plants
fabaceae
Floral characters
Recemose inflorescence
Flower- bisexual, zygomorphic
Calyx- sepals five, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation
Corolla- petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous, vexillary aestivation
Androecium- ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
Gynoecium- superior, monocarpellary, unilocular, with may ovules

35. Morphology of flowering plants
fabaceae
Fruit:
Legume, many seeded
Floral Formula

36. Morphology of flowering plants
fabaceae
Economic importance: pulses- gram, moong, soyabean:
Edible oil- soyabean, ground nut
Dye- Indigofera
Fibres- sunhemp
Fodder- sesbania
Ornamentals- sweet pea
Medicine- muliathi

37. Morphology of flowering plants
solanaceae
Called potato family
Distributed everywhere
Vegetative characters
Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees
Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrous
Leaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

38. Morphology of flowering plants
solanaceae
Floral characters
Solitary, or cymose inflorescence
Bisexual actinomorphic,
Sepals 5 united, persistant, valvate aestivation
Petals five
Androecium- stemens 5 epipetalous
Gynoecium- bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, placenta swollen

39. Morphology of flowering plants
solanaceae
Fruit- berry or capsule
Seeds- many endospermous

40. Morphology of flowering plants
solanaceae
Economic importance
Food- tomato, brinjal, potato
Spice- chilli
Medicine- belladona
Fumigatory- tobacco
Ornamentals- petunia

41. Morphology of flowering plants
Liliaceae
Called lily family- monocotyledons
Distributed everywhere
Vegetative characters
Perennial herbs with underground bulbs c
Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrous
Leaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

42. Morphology of flowering plants
LILIACEAE
Floral characters
Solitary, or cymose, umbellate inflorescence
Bisexual actinomorphic,
Perianth- 2 whorls of tepals with 3 united into tube
Androecium- stemens 3+3
Gynoecium- tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axile placentation

43. Morphology of flowering plants
Liliaceae
Fruit- capsule
Seeds- endospermous

44. Morphology of flowering plants
liliaceae
Economic importance
Ornamentals- tulip, Gloriosa
Medicine- Aloe
Vegetables- Asparagus,Colchisine