1. Flowers
Are modified twigs adapted primarily for reproduction, which ultimately forms the fruit and the seed.

2. Floral envelope or Perianth:
Parts of a Complete Flower
Pistil:
Stamen:
Stigma
Anther
Style
Filament
Ovary
Floral envelope or Perianth:
Floral stalk:
Petal (corolla)
Receptacle
(torus)
Sepal (calyx)
Peduncle

3. Stigma – slightly enlarged tip of the style on which pollen is deposited at pollination
Style – a long and thin filament that serves as a passageway for pollen grains to move from the stigma to the ovary
Ovary – a swollen basal part of a pistil which carries the ovule or eggs (yellow); where fertilized eggs develop
CARPEL (Gynoecium)
The female reproductive part of a flower. It is collectively known as the Pistil.

4. Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
Avocado (Persea sp.)
If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called
Monocarpous or Unicarpellate Gynoecium

5. Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
Unfused Carpels
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is apocarpous.

6. Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
Fused Carpels
Tulip (Tulipa sp.)
If a gynoecium has multiple carpels fused (connate) into a single structure, it is syncarpous.

7. The male reproductive part of a flower
Anther – where pollens are formed
Filament – a stalk holding the pollen at its tip
STAMEN (Androecium)
The male reproductive part of a flower

8. FLORAL ENVELOPE or PERIANTH
Petal (corolla) – the innermost whorl surrounding the flowers reproductive parts. It is usually brightly colored to attract pollinators
Sepal (calyx ) – usually a green leaf-like structure that forms the outermost floral whorl; it protects the inner parts of the flower before it opens.
FLORAL ENVELOPE or PERIANTH

9. FLORAL STALK
Receptacle (torus) – thickened part of a stem from which the flower grows
Peduncle – a stalk supporting the flower

10. Variable Features
and
Structures of
Flowers

11. Color Day-blooming flowers are generally brightly colored
Gerbera daisies (Gerbera sp.)
Dutchman's Pipe (Epiphyllum oxypetalum)
Day-blooming flowers are generally brightly colored
Night-blooming flowers are usually white, creamy or yellowish

12. Odor Flower with fragrant odor Flower with stinky odor
Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata)
Corpse flower (Amorphophallus titanum)
Flower with fragrant odor
Flower with stinky odor

13. Parts Present Complete Flowers
flowers are said to be complete when the four main parts (petal, sepal, stamen and carpel) are present
Incomplete Flower
flowers are incomplete when one or more of the main parts are not present

14. Sexuality
Flowers with both stamen and carpel are called Perfect Flowers. These flowers can also be called bisexual or hermaphroditic flowers.
Flowers that have only either stamen or carpel are called Imperfect Flowers. This flowers can also be called Unisexual flowers. An imperfect flower with only the carpel or pistil is called Pistillate flower. One with the stamen only is a Staminate flower.

15. Perfect Flower Gumamela (Hibiscus sp.)
Chichirica (Catharanthus roseus)

16. Imperfect Flower - Monoecious
Both male and female flowers are found on the same plant.
Corn (Zea mays)
Pistillate flower
Staminate flower

17. Imperfect Flower - Dioecious
Imperfect flowers are borne on separate plants
Papaya (Carica papaya)
Staminate flower
Pistillate flower

18. Imperfect Flower - Polygamous
Perfect and imperfect flowers are found in a single plant.
Canadian Burnet (Sanguisorba sp.)

19. Nature of flowers
Flowers are Regular when the members of each set of organs (sepals, petals, stamen and carpels) are of the same size and shape
Flowers are Irregular when some members of one or more sets of organs are different in size or shape or both.
Bleeding heart (Dicentra Spectabilis)

20. Members of each set of organs are of the same size and shape
Regular flower
Members of each set of organs are of the same size and shape
Rose (Rosa sp.)
Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus )

21. Irregular flower - Papilionaceous
Standard petal or Banner
Outermost and the largest part of the flower
Wings or Alae
Two lateral petals
Keels or Carinae
Two innermost and smallest petal.
Chicharo (Pisum sativum)

22. Irregular flower - Caesalpinaceous
Wings
Two upper lateral petals
Banner
Innermost and smallest petal
Keel
Two lower lateral petals
Caballero (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)

23. Irregular flower - Bilabiate
Upper Lip
Lower Lip
Sage (salvia officinalis)
Snap Dragon (Antirrhinum majus)

24. Irregular flower - Orchidaceous
Sepals
Three outermost whorl
Petals
Two innermost whorl
Lip or Labellum
Also a petal but with different shape and size
Cattleya (Cattleya sp.)

25. Fusion of flowers Connation – when like parts are fused or united
Fused petals forming a cone
Fused filaments
Blue eye grass
(Sisyrinchium atlanticum)
Morning Glory (Ipomea sp.)

26. Stamen is adnate to petals
Adnation – when unlike parts are fused
Stamen is adnate to petals
Lip is adnate to stamen
Angels trumpet (Datura wrightii)
Crucifix Orchid (Epidendrum secundum)

27. Number of flowers parts
Monocot
Flower parts are in 3’s or in multiple of 3’s
Benguet Lily
(Liliaceae sp.)
Giant Spiderwort
(Tradescantia gigantea)

28. Flower parts are in 4’s or 5’s or in multiple of 4’s or 5’s
Dicot
Flower parts are in 4’s or 5’s or in multiple of 4’s or 5’s
Monkey-flower (Mimulus lewisii)
Rosal (Gardenia jasminoides)

29. Symmetry Actinomorphic radial symmetry
flowers can be divided into 2 equal halves along any plane
Zygomorphic
bilateral symmetry
divided into 2 equal halves only by a medial cut through the central axis

30. Actinomorphic Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)
Water Lily (Nymphaea sp.)

31. Zygomorphic Sword Lily Dancing ladies (Gladiolus sp.)
(Oncidium altissimum)

32. Ovary Position Superior or Hypogynous ovary
The sepals and petals are attached below the ovary
Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

33. Half-Superior /Half-Inferior or Perigynous
The sepals and petals are attached at the side of the ovary
Golasiman
(Portulaca oleracea)
ovary

34. The sepals and petals are attached above the ovary
Ground Orchid
(Spathoglottis plicata)
ovary
Squash (Cucurbita sp.)
Inferior or Epigynous
ovary
The sepals and petals are attached above the ovary

35. Placentation
The places where the ovules are attached in the ovary are known as placentae. The arrangement of the placentae inside the ovary is called placentation

36. The placentae are found at the central axis of a compound ovary
Axile
The placentae are found at the central axis of a compound ovary
ovaries with ovules
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

37. The placentae are found on the wall of a compound ovary .
Parietal
The placentae are found on the wall of a compound ovary .
ovaries with ovules
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

38. Marginal
The placentae are located on the wall of a single ovary. A single ovary has one chamber or locule.
ovary with ovules
String Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

39. Basal
The placentae with a single ovule is found more or less at the base of the ovary
ovaries with ovules
Chrysanthemums
(Chrysanthemums indicum)

40. Inflorescence
Flower clusters are called inflorescence. These may differ in the number of flowers borne, the sequence of flower maturation, the length of flower stalks, the number and arrangement of the floral branches or peduncles.

41. Spike
An inflorescence has an elongated axis with sessile (without pedicel) florets
Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolatus)
Pancit-pancita (Peperomia pellucida)

42. Raceme
Aloe vera
(Aloe vera)
Golden Shower
(Laburnum anagyroides)
The elongated axis is unbranched. The flowers are provided with stalks or pedicles of equal lengths and are called pedicellate flowers.

43. Panicle
The elongated axis is branched. Flowers are pedicellate, opening all at the same time
Tigbi
(Coix lachryma-jobi)
Rice
(Oriza sativa)

44. Corymb
Caballero
(Caesalpinia pulcherrima)
Yarrow
(Achillea millefolium)
It has a more or less flat convex top because of the pedicels bearing the outer, older flowers are longer than the younger flowers at the center.

45. Umbel
The axis is short so that all the pedicellate flowers radiate from the apex of the axis.
Simple
Japanese bamboo (Dracaena surculosa)
Compound
Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)

46. Cyme
This inflorescence is similar to a corymb except that the inner pedicelled flowers open first
Santan (Ixora sp.)
Shanghai beauty (Jatropha pandurifolia)

47. A fleshy spike (spadix) bearing both male and female flowers, surrounded by a petaloid bract called the spathe.
Spadix
spadix
spathe
Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum)
Calla Lily (Zantedeschia sp.)

48. male florets female florets
Belembe Silvestre (Xanthosoma helleborifolium)
Syngonium
(Syngonium schottianum)
male florets
female florets

49. Catkin/ Ament
Copper plant
(Acalypha wilkesiana)
Cat’s Tail
(Acalypha hispida)
This inflorescence is a special type of spike which is hanging or drooping . The flowers are usually unisexual.

50. The pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded at one side of the stem
Birds of Paradise (Strelitzia sp.)
The pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded at one side of the stem
Fascicle
Deerweed (Lotus scoparius)

51. It is similar to umbel but the flowers are sessile
It is similar to umbel but the flowers are sessile. Usually the flowers are of two kinds: the disc flower at the center and the ray flowers at the margin
Head/ Capitate
ray flowers
disc flowers
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)

52. Head of
Sunflower family

53. Thank You
for
Listening