1. NAMING Organic Chemistry
IUPAC

2. L.O -recognise the common functional groups
-understand and be able to use the IUPAC nomenclature
-understand the formation of homologous series and the similarity of properties
-understand why isomerism occurs and be able to draw isomers for given molecular formulas
-understand the formation of sigma and pi bonds and know their occurrence and the implication for molecular shapes
-understand the concept of saturation and apply it to the alkanes as a ‘base’ homologous series
-recognise the importance of alkanes as fuels, their combustion products and the environmental effects of burning hydrocarbon fuels
-recall details of the fractionation of oil and the uses of the fractions
-understand homolytic bond fission and the formation of free radicals
-understand catalytic cracking and thermal cracking in terms of a free radical process
-know and understand the mechanism of photochemical chlorination
L.O

3. What is ORGANIC 5 min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCooJNHOSXc
Teravalencey Catenation
Isomerization

4. TYPES OF FORMULAE - 1 Fuse School 5 min. MF, EF, Displayed Formula
MOLECULAR FORMULA C4H10
The exact number of atoms of each
element present in the molecule
EMPIRICAL FORMULA C2H5
The simplest whole number ratio
of atoms in the molecule
CONDENSED FORMULA CH3CH2CH2CH CH3CH(CH3)CH3
STRUCTURAL (DISPLAYED) FORMULA
there are two possible
ISOMERS of C4H10 structures
Isomers (Fuse School)

5. A systematic name has two main parts.
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
L.O. Understand and be able to use the IUPAC nomenclature
A systematic name has two main parts.
Number of carbon atoms in :
longest chain
side-chains
CH3
CH2 CH
Prefix C atoms Alkane
meth methane
eth- 2 ethane
prop- 3 propane
but- 4 butane
pent- 5 pentane
hex- 6 hexane
hept- 7 heptane
oct- 8 octane
non- 9 nonane
dec decane
A prefix derived from the Greek numbering system. Yeah, ok, not the first 4.
The ending -ane is the same as they are all alkanes.

6. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The numbering starts at the end closest to the
branching. The side chains end in yl.
—CH3 Methyl 1
—CH2CH3 Ethyl 2 3 4
—CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
Methyl

7. Alkanes - Nomenclature
The parent name, the longest continuous chain.
The suffix indicates what functional group is present.
The prefix tells us the identity, location, and number of substituents attached to the carbon chain.

8. Alkanes - Nomenclature
Also note that if there are two chains of equal length, pick the chain with more substituents.

9. Alkanes - Nomenclature
1. Find the parent carbon chain and add the suffix.
Note that it does not matter if the chain is straight or it bends.

10. Alkanes - Nomenclature
2. Number the atoms in the carbon chain to give the first substituent the lowest number.

11. Alkanes - Nomenclature
A tie, break it by giving lower number to earliest letter.

12. Alkanes - Nomenclature
Cycloalkanes are named all the SAME way, but
the prefix cyclo- immediately precedes the name of the parent.
1. Find the parent cycloalkane.

13. Alkanes - Nomenclature
Keep numbers as LOW as possible

14. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, hydrogens are left out

15. I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE CH3 CH2 CH Now this
NOTE:
1) If identical side-chains appear more than once, prefix with di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa
2) Numbers are separated from names by a HYPHEN e.g methylheptane
3) Numbers are separated from numbers by a COMMA e.g. 2,3-dimethylbutane
Try this compound
Example longest chain 8 (it is an octane)
3,4,6 are the numbers NOT 3,5,6
order is ethyl, methyl, propyl
3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-propyloctane
CH3
CH2 CH
Now this
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane

16. How long is the longest chain?
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
How long is the longest chain?
Look at the structures and work out how many carbon atoms are in the longest chain.
CH2
CH3 CH
THE ANSWERS ARE
ON THE NEXT SLIDE
CH2
CH3 CH
CH3 CH
CH2

17. Apply the rules and name these alkanes
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
I.U.P.A.C. NOMENCLATURE
Apply the rules and name these alkanes
Longest chain = 5 so it is a pentane
A CH3, methyl, group is attached to the third carbon from one end...
3-methylpentane
CH2
CH3 CH
Longest chain = 6 so it is a hexane
A CH3, methyl, group is attached to the second carbon from one end...
2-methylhexane
CH2
CH3 CH
Longest chain = 6 so it is a hexane
CH3, methyl, groups are attached to the third and fourth carbon atoms (whichever end you count from).
3,4-dimethylhexane
CH3 CH
CH2

18. ALKENES

19. NAMING ALKENES DOUBLE BONDS
Alkanes v Alkenes. (Fuse School)
Length In alkenes the principal chain is not always the longest chain
It must contain the double bond
the name ends in -ENE
Position Count from one end SAME as Before….as with the alkanes.
Indicated by the lower numbered carbon atom on one end of the C=C bond
CH3 CH2 CH=CH CH3 is pent-2-ene (NOT pent-3-ene)
Side-chain Similar to alkanes
position is based on the number allocated to the double bond
WATCH OUT, SIDE CHAIN IN BRACKETS!!!
CH2 = CH(CH3)CH2CH CH2 = CHCH(CH3)CH3
2-methylbut-1-ene 3-methylbut-1-ene

20. Alkynes - Nomenclature
Alkynes are named in the same general way that alkenes are named; just change the suffix to –yne.

21. Homologous organs

22. For discussing
ethane, ethene, ethyne, propane, propene, propyne
C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H4, C3H6, C3H8

23. Homologous series of alkanes

24. have similar chemical properties
have physical properties that vary in a regular manner as the number of carbon atoms increases because of homologuous series
Example: the alkanes

25. The main features of a homologous series
Successive members of a homologous series differ by a – CH2 group
Members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula
Members of a homologous series show a gradation in their physical properties
Members of a series have similar chemical properties

26. Types of Isomerism Isomerism Structural Chain Position Functional
Stereo
Geometrical
Optical

27. Chain isomerism
pentane
2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpropane

28. Position isomerism
butan-1-ol
butan-2-ol

29. Position isomerism
but-1-ene
but-2-ene

30. Structural Formulas for C4H10O Isomers

31. Functional isomerism for C2H6O
dimethylether
ethanol

32. Functional isomerism C3H6O
propanal
propanone (acetone)

33. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
Boiling point Homologous series
increases as they get more carbon atoms in their formula
more atoms = greater intermolecular Van der Waals’ forces
greater intermolecular force = more energy to separate the molecules
greater energy required = higher boiling point
Spot the differences CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C)
difference gets less - mass increases by a smaller percentage
Straight chains molecules have greater interaction than branched
“The greater the branching, the lower the boiling point”
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF C5H12
HIGHEST BOILING POINT LOWEST BOILING POINT

34. Trends in boiling points of members of a homologous series
melting point and boiling point increase with more carbon atoms
Why?
intermolecular forces increase
adding a CH2 adds more electrons
this increases the Van der Waal’s forces
Alkane
Formula
Boiling Pt./oC
methane
CH4
-162.0
ethane
C2H6
-88.6
propane
C3H8
-42.2
butane
C4H10
-0.5
Intermolecular forces present & molar mass

35. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM - CHAIN
Chemical Isomers show similar chemical properties because
the same functional group is present.
Physical Properties such as density and boiling point show trends according
to the of the degree of branching
Boiling Point “straight” chain isomers have higher values than branched ones
the greater the degree of branching the lower the boiling point
branching decreases the effectiveness of intermolecular forces
less energy has to be put in to separate the molecules
- 0.5°C
straight chain
- 11.7°C
branched
greater branching
= lower boiling point

36. ETHANOL METHOXYMETHANE Physical Properties. HB. No HB
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM – FUNCTIONAL GROUP
ALCOHOLS and ETHERS
C2H6O and. C2H6O
ETHANOL METHOXYMETHANE
Physical Properties HB No HB
Chemical Properties Very reactive Inert
ALDEHYDES and KETONES
C3H6O and C3H6O
PROPANAL PROPANONE
Physical Properties Polar Polar (similar)
Chemical Properties Very reactive Inert
ACIDS and ESTERS
C3H6O and C3H6O2.
PROAPNOIC acid METHYLETHANOATE
Physical Properties. HB No HB
Chemical Properties Very reactive Inert

37. Functional Groups (Fuse Schol)

38. -OH -COOH -CHO -C- -O- -C-O -N- -C-NH Alcohols Organic acids Aldehydes
Ketones
Ethers
Esters
Amines
Amides
-OH
hydroxyl
-COOH
carboxyl
-CHO
carbonyl O
-C-
-O- O
-C-O
-N- O
-C-NH