1. Tuesday Lecture – Ornamental Plants Reading: Textbook, Chapter 17

2. Quiz

3. 1.Describe a factor that could result in a plant having a leaf that has a coloration other than solid green. 2.Describe a feature of the UTIA Gardens that you particularly liked.

4. Naming Ornamentals Difficulties introduced by the nature of ornamentals: often hybrids - many are sterile, propagated vegetatively - mutants with striking features – propagated vegetatively to retain features - marketing International Code of Horticultural Nomenclature – sets of rules governing assignment of cultivar names Some widely grown plants may have a registry of cultivar names

5. Naming Ornamentals Difficulties introduced by the nature of ornamentals: - often hybrids - many are sterile, propagated vegetatively - mutants with striking features – propagated vegetatively to retain features - marketing International Code of Horticultural Nomenclature – sets of rules governing assignment of cultivar names Some widely grown plants may have a registry of cultivar names

6. Naming Ornamentals Difficulties introduced by the nature of ornamentals: - often hybrids - many are sterile, propagated vegetatively - mutants with striking features – propagated vegetatively to retain features - marketing International Code of Horticultural Nomenclature – sets of rules governing assignment of cultivar names Some widely grown plants may have a registry of cultivar names

7. Naming Ornamentals Difficulties introduced by the nature of ornamentals: - often hybrids - many are sterile, propagated vegetatively - mutants with striking features – propagated vegetatively to retain features -marketing International Code of Horticultural Nomenclature – sets of rules governing assignment of cultivar names Some widely grown plants may have a registry of cultivar names

8. Naming Ornamentals Difficulties introduced by the nature of ornamentals: - often hybrids - many are sterile, propagated vegetatively - mutants with striking features – propagated vegetatively to retain features - marketing International Code of Horticultural Nomenclature – sets of rules governing assignment of cultivar names Some widely grown plants may have a registry of cultivar names

9. Naming Ornamentals Difficulties introduced by the nature of ornamentals: - often hybrids - many are sterile, propagated vegetatively - mutants with striking features – propagated vegetatively to retain features - marketing International Code of Horticultural Nomenclature – sets of rules governing assignment of cultivar names Some widely grown plants may have a registry of cultivar names

10. Cultivar Names 2.Variation within cultivated plants - variety – widely (and still) used - cultivar (cultivated variety) Used to denote an assemblage of cultivated plants that is clearly distinguished by some character(s) and that following reproduction retains its distinguishing character(s) Cultivar name is written in any language except for Latin Cultivar name can be combined with a generic, specific, or common name: Citrullus cv. Crimson Sweet; watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet; Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet

11. Types of Ornamentals 1. Nursery Crops – planted outside - trees/shrubs; turf; ground covers; bedding plants

12. Types of Ornamentals 1. Nursery Crops – planted outside - trees/shrubs; turf; ground covers; bedding plants 2. Florist Crops – grown for cut flowers or foliage - increased worldwide: $12.5 billion (1985) $25 billion (2009)

13. Types of Ornamentals 1. Nursery Crops – planted outside - trees/shrubs; turf; ground covers; bedding plants 2. Florist Crops – grown for cut flowers or foliage - increased worldwide: $12.5 billion (1985) $25 billion (2009) US – dipped from 4.2 billion (2007) to 3.8 billion (2009)

14. Types of Ornamentals 1. Nursery Crops – planted outside - trees/shrubs; turf; ground covers; bedding plants 2. Florist Crops – grown for cut flowers or foliage - increased worldwide: $12.5 billion (1985) $25 billion (2009) 3. Houseplants – sold for growing indoors - plants must survive in harsh environment

15. Asteraceae – The Ornamental Family - Ageratum - Aster - Black-eyed Susan - Cornflower - Dahlia - Daisy - Marigold - Chrysanthemum (Dendranthemum) - Sunflower - Zinnia

16. Topped by a Head

18. Variations on a Theme Dandelion – all rays

19. Variations on a Theme Dandelion – all rays Pussytoes – all disk

20. Variations on a Theme Dandelion – all raysCornflower – All Disk/outer ones larger Pussytoes – all disk

21. Doubled Heads Single (Old-Fashioned) Zinnia

22. Doubled Heads Single (Old-Fashioned) Zinnia Double Zinnia

23. Another Double Single MarigoldDouble Marigold Marigold – Tagetes - native to Mexico

24. Daisy – Inspiration for Big Orange

25. UT Uniform Color – traces origin to center of daisy heads

26. Daisy – Inspiration for Big Orange Shasta Daisy – tetraploid selection of Luther Burbank UT Uniform Color – traces origin to center of daisy heads

27. Polyploidy – Breeding Tool Daylilies – Hemerocallis fulva Diploid Tetraploid Polyploidy: >2 sets of chromosomes 1.Determinate organs will be larger 2.Stabilizes (and sometimes makes fertile) hybrids 3.Odd polyploids often sterile: - no messy seeds - no need to deadhead

28. Flowers - Variations Showy structure is not part of flower bract dogwood poinsettia

29. More Flower Variations

30. doubled flowers – stamen primordia petals Pink Carnation

31. Araceae – the Houseplant Family Many Aroids – tropical epiphytes – habitat similar to house/apartment

32. Spathiphyllum – the Mall Plant Note: inflorescence is spathe + spadix

33. Amorphophallus – a Giant Aroid 1.37 m tall

34. Amorphophallus titanum Geneticist Huge de Vries, one of the rediscoverers of Mendels Laws, provides scale for an inflorescence of the Voodoo Plant

35. Amorphophallus – a Giant Aroid 1.37 m tall

36. An Aroid Gallery

37. How Dumb Cane Got Its Name

38. Calcium oxalate – characteristic crystalline inclusions (raphides) in Araceae extreme irritation of mucous membranes Can lead to fatal swelling of passages to lungs

39. Commonly Ingested Aroids From List of Top 20 Ingested Plants Reported to Poison Control Centers in U.S.: 2.Philodendron 4.Spathiphyllum 6.Dieffenbachia 10.Epipremnum (Pothos) Treatment: Symptomatic and Supportive – remove residue from mouth; provide liquids; monitor breathing (major danger is suffocation is swelling is severe)

40. Invasive Plants – The Dark Side of Ornamentals Invasive Plants = Biological Pollution Rule of 10s:

41. Invasive Plants – The Dark Side of Ornamentals Invasive Plants = Biological Pollution Rule of 10s: For every 10 plants introduced, 1 will become established

42. Invasive Plants – The Dark Side of Ornamentals Invasive Plants = Biological Pollution Rule of 10s: For every 10 plants introduced, 1 will become established For every 10 established, 1 will become invasive 1 in 100 introductions becomes invasive

43. Invasive Plants – The Dark Side of Ornamentals Invasive Plants = Biological Pollution Rule of 10s: For every 10 plants introduced, 1 will become established For every 10 established, 1 will become invasive 1 in 100 introductions becomes invasive Often a long lag time, introduction problematic invader First it sleeps, then it creeps, then it leaps …

44. Invasive Plants – The Dark Side of Ornamentals Invasive Plants = Biological Pollution Rule of 10s: For every 10 plants introduced, 1 will become established For every 10 established, 1 will become invasive 1 in 100 introductions becomes invasive Often a long lag time, introduction problematic invader How to Predict Invasiveness? - only clear guide, if invasive in other areas

45. Dandelion - Invader Taraxacum officinale (of the shops)

46. Dandelion - Invader Taraxacum officinale (of the shops) Dandelion (dents du lion = lions tooth, from leaves)

47. Dandelion - Invader Taraxacum officinale (of the shops) Dandelion (dents du lion = lions tooth, from leaves) Asteraceae – all ray flowers Introduced by Pilgrims – used as spring potherb

48. Dandelion - Invader Taraxacum officinale (of the shops) Dandelion (dents du lion = lions tooth, from leaves) Asteraceae – all ray flowers Introduced by Pilgrims – used as spring potherb Flowers – produce abundant nectar sugar source to produce wine

49. Dandelion - Invader Taraxacum officinale (of the shops) Dandelion (dents du lion = lions tooth, from leaves) Asteraceae – all ray flowers Introduced by Pilgrims – used as spring potherb Flowers – produce abundant nectar sugar source to produce wine Apomictic – seeds produced without fertilization clones of parent Will mature its seed even if uprooted

50. Tennessee Invaders TN-EPPC (Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council) – List Trees: Mimosa (Albizzia); Princess Tree (Paulownia); Tree-of- Heaven (Ailanthus) Shrubs: Autumn Olive (Eleagnus); Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera); Japanese Barberry (Berberis); Multiflora Rose (Rosa); Privet (Ligustrum) Herbs: Purple loosestrife (Lythrum); others Vines: Euonymus; Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera); Japanese wisteria; Kudzu (Peuraria); Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus)

51. Native Plants – A Great Resource Answer to Invaders = use native plants See Box 17.2, p. 429 Wildscaping Opportunity: provide plants for revegetation, environmental restoration projects

52. Thursday, Genetically Modified (GM) Plants