1. In a representative chronic heart failure patient, tidal flow-volume loops at rest (solid line) and at the peak of symptom-limited incremental exercise (dashed line) are shown relative to the maximal envelope following a) inactive biventricular pacing (CRTo...
In a representative chronic heart failure patient, tidal flow-volume loops at rest (solid line) and at the peak of symptom-limited incremental exercise (dashed line) are shown relative to the maximal envelope following a) inactive biventricular pacing (CRToff), and b) active biventricular pacing (CRTon). Note expiratory flow-limitation (tidal expiratory flow overlapping the maximal curve) at rest and dynamic lung hyperinflation (as shown by reduction of inspiratory capacity (IC)) with persisting flow-limitation during exercise. V′E: minute ventilation; TLC: total lung capacity; RV: residual volume. Data from [6].
Bruno-Pierre Dubé et al. Eur Respir Rev 2016;25:
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