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Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Most herbs: Dicotyledons!
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Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons
Monocots More advanced plants One primary leaf Adventitious root system Flower parts arranged in 3’s Leaf veins: parallel. Vascular cambium absent Vascular bundles scattered throughout tissue Dicots More primitive Two primary leaves Tap root system Flower parts arranged in 4’s or 5’s. Leave veins: network system Vascular cambium present Vascular bundles in a ring (‘vein’)
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Flower Structure Each flower grows from an embryonic primordium forms the bud. Inflorescences - Group of several to hundreds of flowers. E.g. Maize
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Flower Structure
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Fruits Fruit:= matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured. Normally contains seeds. All fruits develop from flower ovaries (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)
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Fruit Regions
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Fruit Fleshy Dry Berries Drupes
Pomes Dry Those that split at maturity (Dehiscent) Those that don’t split at maturity (Indehiscent)
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Fleshy Fruit Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe) Berry Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruit Pomes (not true fruit)
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Dry fruit Dehiscent Indihescent Follicle Capsule Legume Silique Achene
Grain Nuts Shizocarp Samara
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Fruits Fleshy Fruits Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a single pistil. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fleshy Fruit E.g. Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit).
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Fruits Berry: Develops from a compound ovary. Contains more than one seed. True berry: fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato). Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Berries Pepos - Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins).
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Berries Hesperidium – Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus fruit).
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Fruits Pomes – (not a true fruit)
Pome: Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium. Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display
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Fruits Aggregate Fruits
Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils. Pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.
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Fruits Multiple Fruits
Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence. E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize
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Dry Fruits - Dehiscent Follicle - Splits along one side/seam.
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Follicle
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Dry Fruits - Dehiscent Legume (e.g. bean pod)
Consists of one folded carpel Splits along two sides into 2 sections Each represents half the carpel. Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.
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Dry Fruits - Dehiscent Silique - Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate. (Silique = Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum)
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Dry Fruits - Dehiscent Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Achene Single seed attached to pericarp Pericarp fused into husk Husk - Easily removed Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed Sunflower seed
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Nut Single seed with hard pericarp/husk Cup or cluster of bracts form at base Hazel nuts: only true nuts Walnuts, cashews & pecans = drupes Brazil nuts = seeds of capsules
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Grain One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp) Eg: wheat
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Samara Pericarp forms wings Fx: aids in seed dispersal Can be single or double Eg: Elm tree
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Dry Fruits - Indehiscent
Schizocarp Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1-seeded fruitlets E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot family
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LESSON TAKE-AWAY Flower Parts Fruit Types
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