1. 4a. Know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.

3. Translation (RNA  Protein)
Process of converting ____________ in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.

4. Translation Steps
The starting end of the mRNA strand attaches to a _________________.
Then, _________ molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, approach the ribosome.
When a tRNA anticodon pairs w/ the 1st mRNA codon, the 2 molecules temporarily join ___________.
Usually, the 1st codon on mRNA is ________,which codes for the amino acid methionine.
AUG signals the ____________ of protein synthesis.

5. Translation Steps
5. When the signal is given, the ribosome ____________ along the mRNA to the next codon
6. A new ________ molecule carrying an amino acid pairs w/ the 2nd ___________ codon
7. When the 1st & 2nd amino acids are in place, an ________________ joins them by forming a peptide bond between them.
8. As the process continues, a chain of amino acids is formed until the ribosome reaches a _________ codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) on the mRNA strand.

6. Translation What is translation?
Translation is the ________ of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
_______________ takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses information from _______ to produce proteins.

7. Translation
Messenger RNA is ___________ in the nucleus, and then enters the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome.
Nucleus
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA

8. Translation
Translation begins when an mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome.
As each _________ of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA.
In the ribosome, the amino acid is transferred to the growing ______________ chain.

9. Translation
Each tRNA molecule carries only one kind of _____________ ________.
In addition to an amino acid, each tRNA molecule has __________ unpaired bases.
These bases, called the ____________, are complementary to one mRNA codon.

10. Translation
The ribosome binds new ________ molecules and amino acids as it moves along the _________.
Lysine
Phenylalanine
tRNA
Methionine
Ribosome
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Start codon

11. Translation Protein Synthesis Translation direction Lysine tRNA mRNA
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Translation direction
Ribosome

12. Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a ______ _________.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA

13. The Roles of RNA and DNA The Roles of RNA and DNA
The cell uses the_________ “master plan” to prepare _________ “blueprints.” The _______ stays in the nucleus.
The __________ molecules go to the protein building sites in the cytoplasm—the ribosomes.

14. Genes and Proteins Genes and Proteins
Genes contain instructions for assembling proteins.
Many proteins are _____________, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.
Proteins are each specifically designed to build or operate a component of a ___________ _____.

15. Amino acids within a polypeptide
Codon
Codon
Codon
Genes and Proteins
Single strand of DNA
The sequence of bases in _________ is used as a template for mRNA.
The codons of _________ specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Codon
Codon
Codon
mRNA
This diagram illustrates how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in DNA. The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein, and proteins play a key role in producing an organism’s traits.
Alanine
Arginine
Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide

16. 4b. Know to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA.

17. The Genetic Code
The nucleotide sequence transcribed from DNA to a strand of mRNA acts as a genetic message, the complete information for the building of a protein
_________: set of 3 nitrogen bases that represents an amino acid
The way that the amino acids are placed will determine the ___________ to be made

19. The Genetic Code The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the “______________” of mRNA instructions.
The code is written using four “________” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).

20. The Genetic Code
A __________ consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
A codon is a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid.

21. The Genetic Code
Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed on the _____________ chain.
Some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon.

22. The Genetic Code
The genetic code shows the amino acid to which each of the 64 possible codons corresponds. To decode a codon, start at the middle of the circle and move outward.

23. The Genetic Code
There is one codon AUG that can either specify the amino acid _________________ or serve as a “________” codon for protein synthesis.
There are three “________________” codons that do not code for any amino acid. These “stop” codons signify the end of a polypeptide.

24. 4e. Know proteins can differ from one another in the number & sequence of amino acids.

25. Protein Sequences—Hemoglobin

26. Protein Sequences—HIV

27. Wrap—Up
Protein molecules vary from about ___ to _______ amino acids in length.
The types, sequences, and numbers of amino acids used determine the type of _________ produced.