1. Monday
March 25th, 2019
DO NOW
STANDARD

2. Theory of Evolution Evidence of Evolution
EQ: How is the scientific theory of evolution supported by different disciplines?  

3. Standard
SC.912.L.15.1 Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change. 
Objectives
Identify evidence and explain how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change support the scientific theory of evolution. 
Explain the development of a theory. 
Describe why the genetic code is universal.  

4. Theory vs Law Law Theory Describes what is happening
an explanation as to why something happens
Highly supported by evidence but NOT proven to be true
Describes what is happening
Proven to be true

5. Identify the pieces of evidence to support evolution

6. All living things are related.
Theory of Evolution
All living things are related.
Idea supported by scientific evidence (but no concrete experiments) over a long period of time
Change in a species is due to mutation/genetic variation that occurs over a long time
Over time, certain variations make up most of a population & they may be different from their ancestors

7. Evidence supporting evolution
1. Fossil record
shows change over time
2. Anatomical record
comparing body structures
homology & vestigial structures
embryology & development
3. Molecular record
comparing protein & DNA sequences
4. Biogeography
Where organisms are located
Evidence supporting evolution

8. 1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils
new layers cover older ones
creates a record over time
fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth
over a long period of time
Species currently on earth share similarities with ancient species
Evidence that living things have changed over time.

9. 2. Anatomical record
Many animals have different structures on the surface (outward appearance)
But when you look under the skin….
It tells an evolutionary story of possible common ancestors.
Homologous structures
Vestigial Organs
Embryology (comparing embryos)

10. Homologous structures
Structures that come from the same origin
homo- = same
-logous = information
Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats
same structure on the inside
same development in embryo
different functions on the outside
evidence of common ancestor

11. How could these very different animals have the same bones?
Compare the bones
The same bones under the skin
limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones
How could these very different animals have the same bones?

12. But don’t be fooled by these…
Analogous structures
look similar on the outside
same function
different structure & development on the inside
no evolutionary relationship
different origin
Does NOT show common ancestry
How is a bird like a bug?
Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

13. Analogous structures Example: Dolphins: aquatic mammal
Fish: aquatic vertebrate
both adapted to life in the sea
not closely related

14. Because they used to walk on land!
Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?
Vestigial organs
A body structure that has no function in a present-day organism but was probably useful to an ancestor.
This shows a change over time
Because they used to walk on land!

15. Comparative embryology
Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story
Similar embryo development may suggest a common ancestor
all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

16. Comparing Embryos
Embryo: the earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals
Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms.

17. 3. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure
compare common genes
compare common proteins
Comparing DNA & protein structure
How can we do this???
Central Dogma
All living organisms uses the same genetic code! DNA
Universal genetic code (A – T C – G)
Protein synthesis
Having DNA bases and amino acids in common show a relationship 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Lamprey
Frog
Bird
Dog
Macaque
Human 32 8 45 67
125
number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

18. Who is more closely related to humans? Why?
3. Molecular record
Who is more closely related to humans? Why?
Support your answer.

19. 4. Biogeography The study of the geographic distribution of species
Some plants and animals have similar appearances but are only distantly related.
Pangaea: Supercontinent that existed 300 million years ago.
The distribution of fossils across the continents is one line of evidence pointing to the existence of Pangaea

20. 4. Biogeography
Similar animals are found in different locations around the world.
Animals ended up evolving similar features for their environment
They look the same but live in different areas

21. Australian Marsupials
Parallel Evolution
Niche
Placental Mammals
Australian Marsupials
Burrower
Mole
Anteater
Mouse
Lemur
Flying
squirrel
Ocelot
Wolf
Tasmanian “wolf”
Tasmanian cat
Sugar glider
Spotted cuscus
Numbat
Marsupial mole
Marsupial mouse
Nocturnal
insectivore
Climber
Glider
Stalking
predator
Chasing
not closely related
Independent evolution  of similar traits
Organisms have a similar ancestral condition.
Species respond to similar challenges in a similar way.
Filling similar roles in nature so the organism have similar adaptations.
marsupial
mammal
placental

22. Parallel types across continents
Niche
Placental Mammals
Australian Marsupials
Burrower
Mole
Anteater
Mouse
Lemur
Flying
squirrel
Ocelot
Wolf
Tasmanian “wolf”
Tasmanian cat
Sugar glider
Spotted cuscus
Numbat
Marsupial mole
Marsupial mouse
Nocturnal
insectivore
Climber
Glider
Stalking
predator
Chasing

23. Building “family” trees
We use this information to show evolutionary relationships.
Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

24. How is the malaria trait Evidence of Evolution

25. Any Questions??

26. Exit Ticket

27. Finches (a species of birds) on certain Galapagos islands live in different environments and have beaks of different sizes and shapes. On one island, large seeds are produced by the tree Tirue. This island contains finches with bigger beak sizes. While another island produces smaller seeds and contains smaller beaked finches. Which of the following statements best explains how these two types of birds could have evolved from a common ancestor?
Depending on the environment, different beak sizes are favored for survival.
Individual finches changed their feather color to escape their predators.
The immigration of finches interrupted gene sequencing patterns in their DNA
The original population rebelled and slowly kicked out small beaked finches

28. How does comparing the skeletons of these animals provide support for the scientific theory of evolution?
It shows possible chromosomal similarities between organisms
It provides information about the organisms’ habitats.
It shows these three organisms might display familiar ancestry
It provides information to determine the organisms’ ages.

29. A. It provides information about the organisms' habitats.
The scientific theory of evolution
is supported by different types
of evidence. The diagrams show
the skeletons of two different animal
species. How does comparing the skeletons of these animals provide support for the scientific theory of evolution?
A. It provides information about the organisms' habitats.
B. It shows possible common ancestry between organisms.
C. It provides information to determine the organisms' ages.
D. It shows possible chromosomal similarities between organisms

30. Which of the following can be determined by observing the embryos shown in the diagram? 
A. The organisms share a common ancestry.
B. The organisms belong to the same genus.
C. The organisms are native to the same geographic areas.
D. The organisms will grow into anatomically similar adults.