1. The diversity of living things
Chapter 17
Classification
The diversity of living things

2. What is classification?
Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics
The science of classification is known as taxonomy
Taxonomist are scientists that identify and name organisms

3. Taxonomists Aristotle John Ray Carolus Linnaeus
divided organisms into plants & animals
subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers
John Ray
 incorporated information about each plant’s pharmacological and medicinal qualities
botanist who divided plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons, He was the first to use the concept of ‘species’ as a taxonomical sub-division
Carolus Linnaeus
Classified organisms by their structure, Developed naming system still used today
Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature
Built on John Ray’s work, but never credited it

4. Binomial Nomenclature
This system gives each organism a two part scientific name using Latin or Greek roots.
Each organism receives a genus and species name:
Genus names are always capitalized
Species are not
When written you must underline the entire name
Italicized if typed
Scientific names prevent confusion through language barriers and misnomers. They also allow us to accurately and uniformly name organisms.

5. Common Misnomers Sea cow Mudpuppy Bearcat Red Panda Killer Whale
Honey Badger
Sea cow-manatee
Mudpyppy-salamander
Bearcat- binturong
Red panda-racoon like
Killer whale/blackfish-dolphin (largest dolphin)
Honey badger-marten

7. Latin names are understood by all taxonomists

8. Break it down now!
Here’s an example
Classification is broken down into groups called “taxa” which gives a hierarchy to the system.

9. The eight levels of classification
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species
Broadest taxa
Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Green
Spaghetti
Most specific

10. The tree of life There are six kingdoms:
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
These kingdoms are separated by the three domains and their characteristics.

11. Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains
Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Most specific
copyright cmassengale

12. Kingdoms 3. PROTISTA ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA protozoans, algae
4. FUNGI
mushrooms, yeasts
5. PLANTAE
multicellular plants
6. ANIMALIA
multicellular animals
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Probably the 1st cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
EUBACTERIA
Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
Important decomposers for environment

13. Classification is based on relationships
In order to view the relationships between organisms we look at their common ancestry or phylogeny.
To do so we put these organisms into a cladogram.
If organisms share traits then they are considered to have derived characteristics.
Each node in a cladogram shows a break in the traits creating a different clade along the way.

14. Cladograms
Cladograms are based on evolutionary traits and reveal species relatedness.
In the beginning, taxonomists based these relationships on physical traits. Now we use genetics to look at relatedness.
Some relationships may surprise you.
The red panda is more closely related to raccoons than to the giant pandas.

15. Dichotomous Keys
Another way to visualize relationships is by comparing two different species.
Characteristics are given in pairs
Read both characteristics and either go to another set or identify the organism

16. Exit Ticket What is classification?
Why is classifying living things important?
What is taxonomy?
Describe binomial nomenclature.
What is a scientific name of an organism and how is it written?
What are the eight classification groups?
Once you have written your answers in complete sentences to the following questions, turn your paper into the tray. Chapter 17: The tree of life, starts on 518 if you need help.