1. Chapter 9 Graph algorithms

2. Sample Graph Problems Path problems. Connectedness problems.
Spanning tree problems.

3. Graph Problem – An Example
Graph coloring: Given a graph G, assign colors to vertices using as few colors as possible so that if there an edge between u and v, colors assigned to u and v must be different.
How many colors do we need for this graph?

4. Graph Problem – An Example
How many colors do we need for this graph?
Three colors are enough, but two is not enough.

5. Graph Coloring applications
Graph coloring: Given a graph G, assign colors to vertices using as few colors as possible so that if there an edge between u and v, colors assigned to u and v must be different.
Applications: This problem has many different applications.
map coloring – this is the direct application. Countries are vertices, and adjacent countries (that share a boundary) are connected by an edge.
In real maps, adjacent countries are assigned different colors.

6. Graph coloring Application 2: scheduling problem.
Given is a list of courses, and for each course the list of students who want to register for it. The goal is to find a time slot for each course (using as few slots as possible). If a student is registered for courses p and q, add an edge between p and q.
If the resulting class can be colored with k = the number of available slots (MFW 8 -9 , MWF 9 – 10 etc. are various slots), then we can find a schedule that will allow the students to take all the courses they want to.

7. Another application of graph coloring
Traffic signal design: At an intersection of roads, we want to install traffic signal lights which will periodically switch between green and red. The goal is to reduce the waiting time for cars before they get green signal.
This problem can be modeled as a coloring problem. Each path that crosses the intersection is a node. If two paths intersect each other, there is an edge connecting them. Each color represents a time slot at which the path gets a green light.

8. Application we will study
We will discuss in some detail an algorithm (known as Dijkstra’s algorithm) for finding the shortest path in a weighted graph.
This algorithm can be used to in applications like map-quest. (Map-quest actually uses a variant of this algorithm.)

9. Path Finding Path between 1 and 8. Path length is 20. 2 3 8 1 4 5 9 1110 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
Vertices represent cities and edges represent highways. Edge weights are distances or driving times. Depending on the context, path length may either be the number of edges on the path or the sum of the weights of the edges on the path.
Path length is 20.

10. Another Path Between 1 and 82 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
Since a graph may have more than one path between two vertices, we may be interested in finding a path with a particular property. For example, find a path with minimum length
Path length is 28.

11. Example Of No Path 2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
No path between 2 and 9.

12. Connected Graph Undirected graph.
There is a path between every pair of vertices.

13. Example of a graph Not Connected2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7

14. Connected Graph Example2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
Determine whether an undirected graph is connected.

15. Connected Components 2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7

16. Connected Component A maximal subgraph that is connected.
Cannot add vertices and edges from original graph and retain connectedness.
A connected graph has exactly 1 component.

17. Communication Network2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
Each edge is a link that can be constructed (i.e., a feasible link).

18. Communication Network Problems
Is the network connected?
Can we communicate between every pair of cities?
Find the components.
Want to construct smallest number of feasible links so that resulting network is connected.

19. Cycles And Connectedness2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
Removal of an edge that is on a cycle does not affect connectedness.

20. Cycles And Connectedness2 3 8 1 10 4 5 9 11 6 7
Connected subgraph with all vertices and minimum number of edges has no cycles.

21. Tree Connected graph that has no cycles.
n vertex connected graph with n-1 edges.
A connected graph in which removal of any edge makes it unconnected.
An cyclic graph in which addition of any edges introduces a cycle.
In graph terminology, the term rooted tree is used to denote what we were earlier calling a tree (Chapter 12).

22. Spanning Tree
Subgraph that includes all vertices of the original graph.
Subgraph is a tree.
If original graph has n vertices, the spanning tree has n vertices and n-1 edges.

23. Minimum Cost Spanning Tree2 3 8 10 1 4 5 9 11 6 7
Tree cost is sum of edge weights/costs.

24. A Spanning Tree Spanning tree cost = 51. 2 4 3 8 8 1 6 2 4 5 4 4 3 5 910 2 4 5 4 4 3 5 9 8 11 5 6 2 7 6 7
Spanning tree cost = 51.

25. Minimum Cost Spanning Tree2 4 3 8 8 1 6 10 2 4 5 4 4 3 5 9 8 11 5 6 2
In the communication networks area, we are interested in finding minimum cost spanning trees. 7 6 7
Spanning tree cost = 41.

26. Graph Representation Adjacency Matrix Adjacency Lists
Linked Adjacency Lists
Array Adjacency Lists

27. Adjacency Matrix 0/1 n x n matrix, where n = # of vertices
A[i,j] = 1 iff (i,j) is an edge 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 1 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28. Adjacency Matrix Properties2 3 1 4 5
Diagonal entries are zero.
Adjacency matrix of an undirected graph is symmetric.
A(i,j) = A(j,i) for all i and j.

29. Adjacency Matrix (Digraph)2 3 1 4 5
Diagonal entries are zero.
Adjacency matrix of a digraph need not be symmetric.

30. Adjacency Matrix n2 bits of space
For an undirected graph, may store only lower or upper triangle (exclude diagonal).
(n-1)n/2 bits
O(n) time to find vertex degree and/or vertices adjacent to a given vertex.
O(1) time to determine if there is an edge between two given vertices.

31. Adjacency Lists
Adjacency list for vertex i is a linear list of vertices adjacent from vertex i.
An array of n adjacency lists.
aList[1] = (2,4)
aList[2] = (1,5)
aList[3] = (5)
aList[4] = (5,1)
aList[5] = (2,4,3) 2 3 1 4 5

32. Linked Adjacency Lists
Each adjacency list is a chain. 2 3 1 4 5
aList[1]
aList[5]
[2]
[3]
[4] 2 4 1 5 5 5 1 2 4 3
Array length n simply means we need an array with n spots. A direct implementation using a Java array would need n+1 spots, because spot 0 would not be utilized. However, by using spot 0 for vertex 1, spot 1 for vertex 2, and so on, we could get by with a Java array whose length is actually n.
Array Length = n
# of chain nodes = 2e (undirected graph)
# of chain nodes = e (digraph)

33. Weighted Graphs Cost adjacency matrix.
C(i,j) = cost of edge (i,j)
Adjacency lists => each list element is a pair (adjacent vertex, edge weight)

34. Single-source Shortest path problem
directed, weighted graph is the input
specified source s.
want to compute the shortest path from s to all the vertices.

35. Example:

36. Dijkstra’s algorithm:
Works when there are no negative weight edges.
takes time O(e log n) where e = number of edges, n = number of vertices.
suppose n ~ 105, e ~ 106, then the number of computations ~ 2 x 107

37. Data structures needed: Adjacency list rep. of graph a heap
some additional structures (e.g. array)

38. key operation: relaxation on edge
For each node v, the algorithm assigns a value d[v] which gets updated and will in the end become the length of the shortest path from s to v.

39. implementation of relaxation

40. Dijkstra’s algorithm

41. Dijkstra’s algorithm – Example