1. Sign de Saussure Linguistic sign unites not a thing and a name, but a concept and a sound image. A sound image is not the material sound, but the psychological imprint of the sound, the impression that it makes in our senses. Without moving our lips or tongue, we can talk to ourselves or recite mentally a selection of verse. http://didisukyadi.staf.upi.edu/2011/

2. Sound-image Sound image is not the same as a morpheme. Sound image is not a physical thing or something that we can observe like sound or print. Morpheme is applicable to spoken word only Morpheme is a vocal activity.

3. Linguistic signs A two-sided psychological entity that can be represented as follows. Concept Sound image

4. Linguistic sign A sign is a combination between a concept and a sound image. Arbor (Latin) or “tree” is called as a sign only because it carries the concept “tree” with the result that the idea of sensory part implies the idea of the whole Concept then is called a SIGNIFIED Sound image is called a SIGNIFIER

5. Arbitrary Nature of Sign The bond between signifier and signified is arbitrary The idea of “sister” is not linked by any inner relationship to the succession of the sound /sistər/ Signifier or symbol is NEVER wholly arbitrary There is the rudiment of a natural bond between the signifier and signified.

6. Arbitrary Should not imply that the choice is left entirely to the speaker. Arbitrary is unmotivated It has no natural connection with the signified. There are signs which are motivated: 1)Onomatopeia 2)Interjection

7. Linier nature of the Signifier Represents a span Is measurable in single dimension It is a line

8. Synchronic-Diachronic Distinction Synchronic Disregards changes of little importance. Sees language as a living whole Exists as a state at a particular moment in time Diachronic Sees language as a continually changing medium

9. Synchronic/Diachronic Diagram C A B D

10. Synchronic/Diachronic Diagram AB represent a synchronic axis of simultaneity of a language state at some point in time. CD is diachronic axis of succession: the historical path the language has traveled.

11. Paradigmatic/Syntagmatic Every language has a paradigmatic relationship with every other item which can be substituted for it and syntagmatic relationship with items which occur within the same construction (The cat sat on the mat: the syntagmatic relation is between cat and sat the and on the mat)

12. Langue/Parole Langue: the language system of a group Parole: instances of the language use Competence: person’s knowledge of a language Performance: person’s use of language