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AP Psychology Exam Structure & Review
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Structures 2 hours: Essay ( FRQ) 2/3 of Test Multiple choice
100 Questions in 70 min Essay ( FRQ) 1/3 of the test 2 FRQ in 50 min
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How the scores are calculated
MC Number Correct FRQ # of points x _____ = 50 + Normally 100 Normally 50
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How scores are calculated:
FRQ 14 points (7 each) x = 50 MC Number Correct (No penalty for incorrect answers) + Normally 100 Normally 50
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U1:History Key Points: Historical Schools of Psychology Structuralism
Functionalism Gestalt Psychoanalysis Contemporary Schools of Psychology Biological/Neuroscience Behavioral Humanistic Psychodynamic Socio-cultural Evolutionary Cognitive Phil and Bio Roots And Fields: Health/Sport, I/O, Clinical versus Counseling, Humanistic, Developmental, Biological
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U2: Psychological Science
Key Points: Research Methods Case Study Naturalistic Observation Surveys Studies of Development Longitudinal/Cross Sectional Measures of Central Tendency (mode, median, mean) vs. Measures of variation (range, standard deviation) APA Ethics and Guidelines Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Correlation Studies Illusory correlation Correlation Coefficient Correlations
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U3:Neuroscience Psychology linked w/anatomy through NS Parts of neuron
Key Points: Psychology linked w/anatomy through NS Parts of neuron How the neuron fires (action potential) Neurotransmitters Drug Effects Agonists and antagonists Brain structures (4 lobes, 4 cortexes, 2 areas) FMSPOTva How the brain works (amygdala – fear, aggression) Neuro-imaging(EEG, PET,CT,MRI) Endocrine system- glands and hormones All parts of brain
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Nature versus Nurture Key Points: Nature
Genes, chromosomes, genome (not on Link words like: Innate, Genetic, Predisposition, Tendency Evolutionary perspective Natural selection Fraternal twins versus identical twins (MISTRA Studies) ; Adoption studies Nurture Environment Culture
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U4: Sensation and Perception
Key Points: 7 senses Thalamus – Sensory switchboard Touch – warmth, cold, pressure, pain Gate control theory of pain Taste (aka gustation) sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami Smell (aka olfaction) - chemical sense Hearing (aka audition) – sounds waves Sight (most dominant sense) – light waves Vestibular sense- balance, based on canals/bones in the ear Kinesthesis- sense of where your body is in space
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U4: Sensation and Perception
Key Points: Thresholds Absolute threshold/Difference threshold (JND)/Weber’s law Parts of ear Parts of eye and understanding transduction Theories of Sight (Young-Helmholtz tri-chromatic theory, Opponent process theory) Theories of sound (Place theory, Frequency theory) Perception: how we interpret and make sense of info Gestalt - organizational psychology Depth perception Monocular cues Binocular cues ESP Change blindness/deafness Visual Cliff Ames Room
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U5: States of Consciousness
Key Points: Sleep stages Stage 1 (dozing) Stage 2 (sleep spindles) Stage 3 (delta wave, deep sleep) Stage 4 (deepest sleep) REM ( rapid eye movement, paradoxical sleep) Up and down: 1,2,3,4,3,2,REM Sleep disorders (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea) Theories of sleep versus Theories of dreaming Hypnosis Drugs- depressants (alcohol, barbiturate, opiates), stimulants (cocaine, caffeine, amphetamines), hallucinogens (LSD, marijuana-THC) REM Rebound
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U6:Learning Key Points:
Associative learning - classical and operant conditioning Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning UCS, UCR,CS,CR, NS Acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, SR Operant (Skinnerian) conditioning law of effect, skinner box, shaping, reinforcement, punishment, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, continuous reinforcement, partial (intermittent) reinforcement, reinforcement schedules fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval Observational learning Bandura’s Bobo doll, modeling, prosocial, antisocial relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience VOICE mnemonic
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U7:Memory Key Points: STM, Working Memory, LTM Encoding Storage
automatic processing, effortful processing, next-in-line effect, spacing effect, serial position effect, semantic, visual, acoustic, imagery, mnemonic devices, chunking, hierarchies Storage sensory memory (iconic and echoic memory), short term memory (7±2), long term memory, amnesia (retrograde, anterograde), implicit memory (cerebellum), explicit memory (hippocampus) Retrieval recognition, relearning, recall, priming Forgetting encoding failure, storage decay (Ebbinghaus forgetting curve), retrieval failure (proactive and retroactive interference) Misinformation effect (Loftus), source amnesia
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U7:Thinking Key Points: mental activities of processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating (language) Concepts- prototype Solving problem- algorithm, insight, heuristics Problems in problems solving confirmation bias, overconfidence Fixation, functional fixedness mental set Making judgments Availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic Belief bias (logic), Belief perseverance Framing
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U7: Language Key Points:
spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning Morphemes, phonemes, grammar (semantics and syntax) One word stage Two word stage (telegraphic speech) Language acquisition- Noam Chomsky (inborn universal grammar)
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U8:Motivation Key Points:
Instinct theory - complex, unlearned species specific behavior Drive-reduction theory - physiological drive causes need: organism need to satisfy drive Hunger dual role of hypothalamus lateral increases hunger when stimulated ventromedial decreases hunger blood glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin Metabolism, Set point Sex - Masters and Johnson Sexual Response Cycle 4 phases: (Eat Plenty Of Radishes): Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution (refractory period) Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs – bottom levels 1st physiological needs to self-actualization
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Emotion Key Points: 3 THEORIES James-Lange theory - our awareness of physiological arousal THEN experience of emotion Cannon-Bard theory- arousal and experience are SIMULTANEOUS / AT THE SAME TIME Schacter-Singer Two factor theory- physical arousal + COGNITIVE LABEL= emotional experience Catharsis hypothesis- release Feel-good-do-good phenomenon Adaptation level phenomenon Relative deprivation
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U9:Development Womb to Tomb, Life Span
Key Points: Womb to Tomb, Life Span Develop socially, cognitively, morally, physically Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development 8 stages, all w/a crisis Critical period, imprinting Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development 4 stages (Socks Pulled –Over Cold Feet) Sensory/Preoperational/Concrete/Formal Conservation, schemas, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence, egocentrism Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development 3 stages: Pre-conventional, conventional, post conventional Sigmund Freud’s Psycho-sexual Development 5 stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
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U9: Development Key Points:
Development in utero: zygote, embryo, fetus Teratogens Puberty and sex characteristics Adult years: menopause, dementia, Alzheimer's Studies: Ainsworth attachment studies Parenting styles Key Concepts: Crystallized versus fluid intelligence Longitudinal versus cross-sectional studies
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Stress and Health Key Points: Stress, stressor, stress response
Hans Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Walter Cannon- Fight or Flight response Type A and Type B personalities Biofeedback
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U10:Personality Key Points:
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Psychoanalytic - Freud unconscious motives & conflicts : id, ego, superego psychosexual stages, fixation, Oedipus complex, Electra complex Anna Freud’s defense mechanisms repression / regression rationalization /denial projection / displacement sublimation /react formation Neo Freudians Carl Jung - Collective Unconscious Alfred Adler - Inferiority Complex Karen Horney - Womb Envy
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U10:Personality Projective tests Rorschach Ink blot TAT
Humanistic approach - Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers - emphasis on growth potential of healthy people Self-actualization, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, acceptance Trait -Gordon Allport - identifiable patterns of behavior Social-Cognitive – interaction learning, cognition, & social influence Personal control internal locus or external locus, learned helplessness, individualism, collectivism
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U11: Intelligence Key Points: Mental age/ chronological age x 100= IQ
Charles Spearman- single intelligence- G factor Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (8) Robert Sternberg- 3 intelligences (practical, creative, analytical) Emotional intelligence (EQ) Mental retardation- below 70 on IQ test & difficulty w/demands of independent living Intelligence tests – Weschler’s WAIS Adult Scale Standardization Normal curve 68% 95% 99% = 1SD, 2SD, 3SD Validity (content and predictive) v. reliability
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U12:Psychological Disorders
Key Points: harmful dysfunction: Disturbing Atypical Maladaptive Unjustified Medical model vs. Bio-psycho-social perspective DSM V- diagnostic manual psychotic vs. neurotic
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U12: Psychological Disorders
Anxiety disorders: phobias, GAD, OCD, panic attacks, PTSD, PTG Mood disorders: MDD, dysthymic, bipolar, mania Somatoform: Hypochondriasis, Conversion Personality disorders: inflexible/enduring behavior patterns, impair social functioning, normally w/o anxiety, depression, or delusion Cluster A (Odd, bizarre, eccentric): Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal Cluster B (Dramatic, erratic): Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic Cluster C (Anxious, fearful): Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD
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U12: Psychological Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is
Schizophrenia: Delusions: grandeur and/or persecution disorganized thinking (word salad) Hallucinations (auditory and/or visual) inappropriate behavior and emotions disturbed perceptions over-activity of dopamine Positive =ADDED behaviors Negative = REMOVED behaviors Dissociative disorders: conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories/thoughts/feelings. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is NOT SCHIZOPHRENIA!
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U13: Therapy Key Points: Psychoanalysis – Freud - focus on uncovering repressed conflicts Free ass., hypnosis, dream interpretation (latent c.), resistance, transference Humanistic – Rogers - focus on growth,/potential, self-actualization (active listening/GAE), client-centered therapy Cognitive - Beck - Correcting negative thinking, confrontational dialogue Behavioral – Skinner & Watson - counter conditioning, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning, token economy Biomedical / Drug therapy ECT- electro-convulsive shock therapy –only to alleviate depression EMDR-Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (anxiety) Light Exposure therapy (depression)
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U13:Therapy Anti-depressants Tricyclics, SSRI’s
i.e. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil Anti-anxiety Anxiolytics, benzodiazepines, barbiturates i.e. Valium, Xanax, Librium Anti-psychotics Neuroleptics i.e. thorazine/haldol for positive symptoms clozapine for negative symptoms Side effects of drugs: tardive dyskinesia (muscle tremors) Mood Stabilizers - Lithium (Bi-Polar) - monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (depression)
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Social Psychology Key Points:
how we think about, influence, relate to one another Social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation, group polarization, groupthink Attribution theory, fundamental attribution error Foot-in-the-door phenomenon Cognitive dissonance theory Social Influence Asch’s Conformity line experiment Stanley Milgram’s SHOCKING Obedience experiment Zimbardo’s Prison experiment Social Relations Prejudice, in-group and out-group bias, just-world phenomenon, frustration- aggression principle, social traps, mere-exposure effect, bystander effect
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GOOD LUCK & HAPPY STUDYING! I WISH YOU ALL SUCCESS!
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