1. ME 4447/6405 Microprocessor Control of Manufacturing Systems and
Introduction to Mechatronics
Instructor: Professor Charles Ume
Lecture #8

2. CPU Registers

3. MC9S12C Microcontroller
Covered in Lecture 5:
Quick Introduction to Microcontroller Subsystems
Microcontroller Registers
Microcontroller Modes (Single chip, Extended, etc..)
EVBU Memory Maps
Covered in this section:
HCS12 CPU
(Note: the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “core” of the microcontroller where instructions are executed)

4. Circuits to process instructions CPU Registers
The HCS12 CPU contains:
Circuits to process instructions
CPU Registers
(Note: HCS12 CPU registers are an integral part of the CPU and are not addressed as if they were memory locations)

5. Accumulators A, B, and D
A & B are:
8-bit registers
Can be used for 8-bit math operations ( Note: This is why A & B are called “Accumulators”)
Can also be used for 8-bit binary logic, comparisons, memory transfers, etc…
Can be used for accumulator offsets in indexed addressing
D is:
16-bit register
Cannot be used when A or B is in use
Can be used for 16-bit math in conjunction with Index X & Y
Can be used for 16-bit memory transfers, comparisons, etc..
Index Registers X & Y
Can be used for 16-bit math with Accumulator D
Mainly used for addressing memory in Indexed mode (Note: Indexed addressing mode will be covered in a later section)
Program Counter (PC)
Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed
Can be used as index register in indexed addressing
Stack Pointer (SP)
Contains the address of the last stack location used (1 greater than the currently available location)

6. HCS12 CPU STACK AND STACK POINTER
The Stack is a region of RAM which may be used for temporary data storage. Upon reset, the stack pointer must be initialized. MON12 loads the stack pointer with $0E5F and has reserved memory locations $0E5E-$0E00 for the stack, creating 95 bytes of storage.
When MON12 is not in use, the user must load the stack pointer with the appropriate address using the LDS instruction:
LDS $0E5F
Note: The user must determine stack location and ensure that it does not conflict with other resources?

7. HCS12 CPU STACK POINTER
An interrupt can be recognized at any time after it is enabled by its local mask, if any, and by the global mask bit in the CCR. Once an interrupt source is recognized, the CPU responds at the completion of the instruction being executed.
Interrupt latency varies according to the number of cycles required to complete the current instruction. When the CPU begins to service an interrupt, the contents of the CPU registers are pushed onto the stack in the order shown above (see also p. 2 of the CPU12 reference guide). After the CCR value is stacked, the I bit and the X bit, if XIRQ is pending, are set to inhibit further interrupts. The interrupt vector for the highest priority pending source is fetched and execution continues at the address specified by the vector. At the end of the interrupt service routine, the return-from-interrupt (RTI) instruction is executed and the saved registers are pulled from the stack in reverse order so that normal program execution can resume.

8. At the end of an interrupt service routine, the user writes a Return from Interrupt (RTI) instruction. This causes the CPU registers and the return address to be pulled from the stack, permitting main program execution to continue where it left off with the same values in the CPU registers as before the interrupt occured.
RTI:
LEGEND:
RTN = ADDRESS OF NEXT INSTRUCTION IN MAIN ROGRAM TO BE EXECUTED UPON RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE
RTNHI = MOST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF RETURN ADDRESS
RTNLO = LEAST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF RETURN ADDRESS
X,YHI = MOST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF X OR Y INDEX REGISTER
X,YLO = LEAST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF X OR Y INDEX REGISTER

9. Execution of Jump To Subroutine (JSR) and Branch To Subroutine (BSR) instructions causes the contents of the program counter to be pushed onto the stack. At the end of the subroutine, the user writes a Return from Subroutine (RTS) instruction. This causes the return address to be pulled from the stack, permitting execution to continue after the JSR or BSR instruction
JSR or BSR:
RTS:
LEGEND:
RTN = ADDRESS OF NEXT INSTRUCTION IN MAIN ROGRAM TO BE EXECUTED UPON RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE
RTNHI = MOST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF RETURN ADDRESS
RTNLO = LEAST SIGNIFICANT BYTE OF RETURN ADDRESS

10. S X H I N Z V C MC9S12C CONDITION CODE REGISTER MASKING BITS
S – Disables STOP instruction when set.
X – Masks XIRQ Request when set.
set by hardware reset, cleared by software
set by unmasked XIRQ
See page 116 of Technical Data
I – Masks interrupt request from all IRQ level
sources (both external and internal) when
set.
set by unmasked I level request or unmasked XIRQ
ARITHMETIC BITS
Reflect results of instruction execution
C – Carry/Borrow from MSB unsigned
arithmetic
V – 2’s complement overflow indication
signed arithmetic
Z – Zero result
N – Negative (follows MSB of result)
H – Half Carry from bit 3 to bit 4
ADD operations only
H will be set to 1

11. Example 3 from Lecture 4:
=-17510
8510 = 5516 =
= 1’s comp. of 5516
= 2’s comp. of 5516
9010 = 5A16 =
= 1’s comp. of 5A16
= 2’s comp. of 5A16
= (2’s comp. of 5516)
= (2’s comp. of 5A16)
= = +8110
V bit will be set.
C bit will be set.

12. QUESTIONS???