1. IV–2 Inductance

2. Main Topics Transporting Energy.
Counter Torque, EMF and Eddy Currents.
Self Inductance
Mutual Inductance

3. Transporting Energy I
The electromagnetic induction is a basis of generating and transporting electric energy.
The trick is that power is delivered at power stations, transported by means of electric energy (which is easy) and used elsewhere, perhaps in a very distant place.
To show the principle lets revisit our rod.

4. Moving Conductive Rod VIII
If the rails are not connected (or there are no rails), no work in necessary on the rod after the equilibrium  is reached since there is no current.
If we don’t move the rod but there is a current I flowing through it, there will be a force pointing to the left acting on it. We have already shown that F = BIL.

5. Moving Conductive Rod IX
If we move the rod and connect the rails by a resistor R, there will be current I = /R from Ohm’s law. Since the principle of superposition is valid, there will also be the force due to the current and we have to deliver power to move the rod against this force: P = Fv = BILv = I, which is exactly the power dissipated on the resistor R.

6. Counter Torque I
We can expect that the same thing which is valid for a rod which makes a translation movement in a magnetic field is also true for rotation movement.
We can show this on rotating conductive rod. We have to change the translation qualities to the rotation ones:
P = Fv = T

7. Counter Torque II
First let us show that torque appears, if we run current I through a rod of the length L which can rotate around one of its ends in homogeneous magnetic field B.
There is clearly a force on every dr of the rod. But to calculate the torque also r the distance from the rotation center must be taken into account, so we must integrate.

8. Counter Torque III
If we rotate the rod and connect a circular rail with the center by a resistor R, there will be current I = /R. Due to the principle of superposition, there will be the torque due to the current and we have to deliver power to rotate the rod against this torque: P = T = BIL2/2 = I, which is again the power dissipated on the resistor R.

9. Counter EMF I
From the previous we know that the same is valid for linear as well as for rotating movement. So we can return to our rod, moving on rails for simplicity.
Let us connect some input voltage to the rails. There will be current given by this voltage and resistance in the circuit and there will be some force due to it.

10. Counter EMF II
After the rod moves also EMF appears in the circuit. It depends on the velocity and it has opposite polarity that the input voltage since the current due to this EMF must, according to the Lenz’s law, oppose the initial current. We call this counter EMF.
The result current is superposition of the original current and that due to this EMF.

11. Counter EMF III
Before the rod (or any other electro motor) moves the current the greatest I0 = V/R.
When the rod moves the current is given from the Kirchhof’s law by the difference of the voltages in the circuit and resistance:
I = (V - )/R = (V – vBL)/R
The current apparently depends on the velocity of the rod.

12. Counter EMF IV
If the rod was without any load, if would accelerate until the induced EMF equals to the input voltage. At this point the current disappears and so does the force on the rod so there is no further acceleration.
Now, we also understand that an over-loaded motor, when it slows too much or stops, can burn-out due to large current.

13. Eddy Currents I
So far we dealt with one-dimensional rods totally immersed in the uniform magnetic field. But if the conductor is two or three dimensional and it is not completely immersed in the field or the field is non- uniform a new effect, called eddy currents appears.

14. Eddy Currents II
The change is that now the induced currents can flow within the conductor. They cause a forces opposing the movement so the movement is attenuated or power has to be delivered to maintain it.
Eddy currents can be used for some purposes e.g. smooth braking of some movements.

15. Eddy Currents III
Eddy currents produce heat so they are source of power loses and usually have to be eliminated as much as possible by special construction of electromotor frames or transformer cores e.g. laminating.

16. The Self Inductance I
We have shown that if we connect some input voltage to a free conductive rod immersed in external magnetic field an EMF appears which has the opposite polarity then the input voltage.
But even a piece of conducting wire without any external field will behave qualitatively the very same way.

17. The Self Inductance II
If we have such a wire and some current already flows through it, the wire is actually immersed in the magnetic field produced by this current.
If we now try e.g. to increase the current we are changing this magnetic field and thereby the flux and so an EMF is induced in a direction opposing the change.

18. The Self Inductance III
We can expect that the induced EMF in this general case depends on the:
geometry of the wire and material properties of the surrounding space
rate of the change of the current
It is convenient to separate these effects and concentrate the former into one parameter called the (self) inductance L.

19. The Self Inductance IV Then we can simply write:  = - L dI/dt
We are in a similar situation as we were in electrostatics. We used capacitors to set up known electric field in a given region of space. Now we use coils or inductors to set up known magnetic field in a specified region. As a prototype coil we usually use a solenoid (part near its center) or a toroid.

20. The Self Inductance V
If we have a solenoid with N loops and a flux  passing through each loop, we can define the inductance and induced EMF as:
L = N/I
 = - N d/dt = - L dI/dt
The unit for the inductance is 1 henry
1H = Vs/A = Tm2/A (Tm2 = 1 Wb)

21. The Self Inductance VI
The flux through the loops of a solenoid depend on the current and the field produced by it and the geometry. In the case of a solenoid of the length L and cross section A and core material with r:
L = r0N2A /L
In electronics parts having inductance inductors are needed and are produced.

22. The Mutual Inductance I
In a similar way we can describe mutual influence of two inductances more accurately total flux in one as a function of current on the other.
Let us have two coils Ni, Ii on a common core or close to each other.
Let 21 be the flux in each loop of coil 2 due to the current in the coil 1.

23. The Mutual Inductance II
Then we define the mutual inductance M21 as total flux in all loops in the coil 2 per the unit of current (1 ampere) in the coil 1:
M21 = N221/I1
EMF in the coil 2 from the Faraday’s law:
2 = - N2d21/dt = - M21 dI1/dt
M21 depends on geometry of both coils.

24. The Mutual Inductance III
It can be shown that the mutual inductance of both coils is the same M21 = M12 .
The fact that current in one loop induces EMF in other loop or loops has practical applications. It is e.g. used to power supply pacemakers so it is not necessary to lead wires through human tissue. But the most important use is in transformers.

25. Homework
No homework today!

26. Things to read and learn
Chapter 29 – 5, 6; 30 – 1, 2

27. Rotating Conductive Rod
Torque on a piece dr which is in a distance r from the center of rotation of a conductive rod L with a current I in magnetic field B is:
The total torque is: ^