1. Hybrid mismatch arrangements
ATAD 2
Hybrid mismatch arrangements

2. Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive
" 'hybrid mismatch' means a situation between a taxpayer in one Member State and an associated enterprise in another Member State or a structured arrangement between parties in Member States where the following outcome is attributable to differences in the legal characterisation of a financial instrument or entity:
 (a) a deduction of the same payment, expenses or losses occurs both in the Member State in which the payment has its source, the expenses are incurred or the losses are suffered and in another Member State ('double deduction'); or
 (b) there is a deduction of a payment in the Member State in which the payment has its source without a corresponding inclusion for tax purposes of the same payment in the other Member State ('deduction without inclusion')."

3. Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive
"1. To the extent that a hybrid mismatch results in a double deduction, the deduction shall be given only in the Member State where such payment has its source.
2. To the extent that a hybrid mismatch results in a deduction without inclusion, the Member State of the payer shall deny the deduction of such payment."

4. ECOFIN Council statement
"The Council requests the Commission to put forward a proposal by October 2016 on hybrid mismatches involving third countries in order to provide for rules consistent with and no less effective than the rules recommended by the OECD BEPS report on Action 2, with a view to reaching agreement by the end of 2016."

5. ATAD 2 Amendment to the ATAD, built on rule in ATAD.
Covers not only hybrid entity and hybrid financial instruments with 3rd countries, but also:
Hybrid permanent establishments
Imported mismatches
Hybrid transfers (repos and securities lending)
Dual resident mismatches

6. ATAD 2 Scope Corporate taxpayers in EU.
Hybrid mismatches between associated enterprises or structured arrangements.
Arising from conflicting rules between countries.
Does not affect general features of a tax system.

7. ATAD 2 – 3rd countries
Hybrid entity and financial instrument mismatches between different jurisdictions.
In case of DD: MS should deny payment.
In case of D/NI: MS should either deny the payment or require taxpayer to include the payment, as the case may be.
Taking into account dual inclusion income. (Also in case of mismatches between MSs.)

8. Hybrid entity mismatches – double deduction
HE B is non-transparent in the MS,
but regarded as transparent by
the 3rd country.
Interest payment deducted by A Co
and by HE B. Payment by B Co is
set-off against income of C Co under
group tax regime.
Based on ATAD 2 the MS should deny
the deduction of the payment. A -
3rd Country MS B
Interest
payment - C +

9. Hybrid entity mismatches – double deduction
HE B is non-transparent in the 3rd country,
but regarded as transparent by
the MS.
Interest payment deducted by A Co
and by HE B. Payment by B is set-off
against income of C Co under group
tax regime.
Based on ATAD 2 the MS should deny
the deduction of the payment. A - MS
3rd Country B
Interest
payment - C +

10. Hybrid entity mismatches – deduction without inclusion
Hybrid entity B is non-transparent in MS
but transparent in 3rd country.
Royalty payment from B to A Co
is deducted by HE B,
but not included by A Co.
The payment by B is set-off
against C Co’s income under a group tax
MS should deny the deduction
of the royalty payment. A
3rd C MS
Royalty
payment B - C +

11. Hybrid entity mismatches – deduction without inclusion
Hybrid entity B is non-transparent in 3rd country
but transparent in MS.
Royalty payment from B to A Co
is deducted by HE B,
but not included by A Co.
The payment by B is set-off
against C Co's income under a group tax
MS should require A Co to include
the royalty payment. A MS
3rd C
Royalty
payment B - C +

12. Hybrid entity mismatches - deduction without inclusion
HE entity B is transparent in a 3rd country, but is regarded as non-transparent by the MS (reverse HE). Interest payment to reverse RHE B is deducted by C Co, but is neither included by RHE B nor by A Co. Based on ATAD 2 the MS should require A Co to include the payment in its income. A MS
3rd Country B
Interest
payment C -

13. Hybrid entity mismatches - deduction without inclusion
HE entity B is transparent in 3rd country II, but is regarded as non-transparent by 3rd country I (reverse HE). Interest payment to reverse RHE B is deducted by C Co in MS, but is neither included by RHE B nor by A Co. ATAD 2 applies because A Co and C Co are associated. Based on ATAD 2 the payment by C should be denied. A
3rd Country I
3rd Country II B
Interest
payment MS C -

14. Hybrid PE mismatches
"differences in the treatment of a commercial presence as a permanent establishment."
Both between MS and with 3rd countries.
Leading to DD, D/NI and No Taxation Without Inclusion.
Also taking into account dual inclusion income.

15. Hybrid PE - No Taxation Without Inclusion
3rd Country B does not recognise a PE.
No taxation in state B.
MS A sees a PE in 3rd country B
(reverse hybrid PE).
Profits attributed to reverse
hybrid PE are exempt in the MS.
Based on ATAD 2 A Co should include
and not exempt the profit attributed to the PE. A MS
3rd Country B

16. Imported mismatches
Non-hybrid payment by taxpayer to associated enterprise in a 3rd country.
Received payment is set-off against another payment that is deducted twice (DD) or not included by recipient (D/NI).
ATAD 2: no deduction on non-hybrid payment to extent of hybrid mismatch.

17. Imported mismatches - - -
Interest payment 1 from D Co to C is deducted by D Co.
Interest payment 1 received by C Co
is in principle taxable in 3rd Country I,
but is set-off against interest payment 2,
made by hybrid entity B, a under group tax regime.
Interest payment 2 is also deducted
in 3rd Country II by A Co.
So: double deduction of interest payment 2.
ATAD 2:
MS should deny the deduction of interest
to the extent of the double deduction. A -
3C II
Interest
Payment 2 B -
Interest
Payment 1 C D + - MS
3C I

18. Imported mismatches - + -
Interest payment by C Co to B Co deducted in MS.
B Co includes interest payment as income,
but this interest income is set-off by B Co
against a payment to A Co under a PPL.
Payment on the PPL is deducted
in 3rd Country I as interest,
but exempt for A Co as dividend.
So: deduction without inclusion.
ATAD 2
MS should deny the deduction of interest
to the extent of the deduction without inclusion. A
3C II
Payment - + B
3C I MS
Interest
payment C -

19. Dual resident mismatch
Dual resident company of MS and 3rd country.
Leading to DD.
MS should deny deduction, taking into account dual inclusion income.
See example 7.1 in BEPS Action Item 2 Report.

20. Hybrid transfers
Transfer of a financial instrument, for example: repo or securities lending.
Jurisdictions differ on who has ownership of underlying return on instrument.
Leading to D/NI or double tax credit.
D/NI: payment should be denied or included.
Double tax credit: "limit the benefit … in proportion to the net taxable income regarding such payment"
See examples 1.31, 1.32 and 2.2 in BEPS Action Item 2 Report.

21. Hybrid transfers
Hybrid mismatch arises because A Co makes a deemed interest payment to B Co which is not included.