1. Electrical Hazards
By Kory Hildebrand

2. Electrical Safety and you
700 people are killed each year in electrical accidents.
Electrical accidents are the third leading cause of all workplace deaths

3. What is electrical safety
There are many hazards an electrician will deal with that are associated with electricity, most people think only of electrical shock but there are others, all of which can lead to permanent injury or death.

4. Electrical shock
Can vary from being a slight tingle to a shock resulting in death.
The severity of a shock is determined by three key factors.
1. the amount of current
2. the path of current
3. the amount of time the current flows

5. Current in milliamps: .4 – cannot be felt,
1.1 – a little tingling, mild sensation,
1.8 – shock, not painful, can still let go;
9.0 – shock painful still let go;
16.0 – shock painful, just about to point you cant let go;
23.0 – muscles immobilize, cant let go, breathing stops;
3 100 – ventricular fibrillation, usually fatal.

6. Arcing Incident Consist of arc flash or arc blast.
Depending on several variables, it could be a small incident, like 2 wires shorting together, or a very large incident and rip apart equipment.

7. When conductors or a piece of equipment have a fault, a large amount of current flows, causing an explosion that could vaporize copper instantly.
This copper is hotter than the surface of the sun, roughly 35,000 degrees F.
The shock wave is similar to that of dynamite, and the noise level is damaging to the ears.

8. Arc Flash
An arc fault with enough potential energy will create an arc flash, which is a rapid release of energy due to an arcing fault.
It super heats the air that is conducting current and turns it into plasma.
This plasma is 4 times hotter than the surface of the sun and super heats the surrounding air causing it to expand at a super high rate.

9. Arc Blast
An arc blast is a rapid expansion of air and metal associated with an arc flash.
Under the right conditions, an arc blast can occur with the same power as dynamite.
The power associated with this blast is capable of rupturing ear drums and crushing lungs.
The blast is capable of throwing people or objects into energized components or across the room.
Since many electrical rooms are small this often results in a person being slammed into a wall.
Many times an arc blast occurs in an enclosure such as a panel, panel board, or switchboard.
The molten metal and shrapnel are projected at speeds up to 700 miles per hour and will penetrate the human body.

10. Causes of arcing incidents
The causes can be human error, faulty equipment, or equipment failure.
Human error:
screwdriver or other tools slipping
metal object falling into panel
shorting conductive parts with a potential difference
over current protection may have been improperly sized
fuse or breaker may have been replaced without taking in the short circuit rating.

11. When is it ok to work on Hot equipment
The only time you may be permitted to work on something hot is if it is necessary to take measurements or when turning it off presents a greater hazard.

12. Life support equipment emergency alarm systems
Examples of situations where disconnecting the power may create an additional or increased hazard include.
Life support equipment
emergency alarm systems
ventilation systems in hazardous locations

13. diagnosing and testing
Examples of situations where it may be infeasible to disconnect the power include:
diagnosing and testing
equipment that is part of a continuous process, where the entire process would have to be shut down.

14. If a piece of equipment must be worked on while energized the proper safety procedure must be followed, and appropriate ppe must be worn.

15. Organizations:
NEC
NFPA 70E
OSHA

16. Lock Out Tag Out
The general rule laid down by OSHA and the NFPA 70E requires that all potential energy be removed from equipment before it is worked on.
In addition to removing all energy, equipment must be prevented from being energized while the work is being performed.
LOTO procedures are intended to ensure that all potential energy sources have been removed from the equipment that is being worked on and to prevent the equipment from being unintentionally started or having stored energy released.

17. Proper LOTO Procedure Planning
Notification of all personnel associated with machinery that is to shut down
Shutting down of equipment
Remove of all energy sources
Application of locks and tags
Verification of equipment
Isolation and the absence of energy sources
If applicable the grounding of all conductors that could become energized.

18. Video