1. Microcontroller Interfacing: Selected Topics
Operation of LCD Displays
Common Input Devices
Common Output Devices and Actuators
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2. Liquid crystal twists light polarization by 90 degrees if no E field present, and by 0 degrees if an E field is present (since presence of E field straightens out the liquid crystal molecules).
NOTE: The upper polarizer may be aligned to pass light with left-right polarization, while the lower polarizer may be aligned to pass light with a polarization that is into/out of the paper.
Thus an AC waveform > 2.8V rms applied across electrodes, the LC is straightened out, and the segment is black, but if < 1.7V rms, the LC is twisted by 90 degrees, segment is white.
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4. Liquid crystals encompass a broad group of materials that posses the properties of both a solid and a liquid. More specifically, they are a liquid with molecules oriented in one common direction (having a long range and repeating pattern-- definition of a crystal), but have no long range order in the other two directions. For example, all the molecules form lines are oriented in the Y direction (up and down), but they posses no common ordering in the x direction (disorder is also assumed in the Z direction). To more easily visualize this, think a 1-molecule-thick slice (one layer of molecules to be exact) of a block of liquid crystal material. If you examined another slice, the molecules would still be oriented in the Y direction, but they would be in different positions along the X-axis. By stacking millions of these thin slices, the Z direction is built up and as a result of the change in relative position on the x-axis, the Z direction has no long range order.
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5. As a note of interest, polarizers are also one of the major reasons that LC displays require bright back lighting. The polarizers and liquid crystal materials absorb more than 50% of the incident light. As a result, even though the actual display is a very low power device, the power hungry back lighting makes a LCD module one of the primary causes of short battery life in notebook computers. Due to the fact that the LC material has optical properties and effectively bends light, the problem of viewing angle effects occur. When the user is not directly in front of the display the image can disappear or seem to invert (dark images become light and light images become dark). However, LC material and polarizer technology is rapidly improving and that improvement is showing up in brighter displays with greater viewing angles.
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6. Liquid crystals must be aligned to the top and bottom pieces of glass in order to obtain the desired twist. In other words, the 90 degree twist is formed by anchoring the liquid crystal on one glass plate and forcing it to twist across the cell gap (the distance between the two glass plates) when contacting the second plate. Furthermore, The actual image quality of the display will be dependent on the surface alignment of the LC material. The method currently used for aligning liquid crystals was developed by the Dai-Nippon Screening (English= Big Japan Screening) Company. The process consists of coating the top and bottom sheets of glass with a Polyimide based film. The top piece of glass is coated and rubbed in a particular orientation; the bottom panel/polyimide is rubbed perpendicular (90 degrees for TN displays) with respect to the top panel. It was discovered that by rubbing the polyimide with a cloth, nanometer (1 X meters) size grooves are formed and the liquid crystals align with the direction of the grooves. It is common that when assembling a TN LC cell, it will be necessary to eliminate patches of nonuniform areas. The two parameters required to eliminate the nonuniformities and complete the TN LC display are pretilt angle and cholesteric impurities. TN LC cells commonly have two problems that affect uniformity following assembly: reverse tilt and reverse twist. Reverse tilt is a function of the applied electrical field and reverse twist is common when no electrical field is applied. Reverse twist is eliminated by the introduction of cholesteric additives and reverse tilt is eliminated by introducing a pre-tilt angle to the LC material. The pre-tilt angle also determines what direction the LC molecules will rotate when an electrical field is applied. Pre-tilt angle can be visualized by considering the normal position of the LC molecule to be flat against the glass plate, by anchoring one edge and forcing the other upward by a specific number of degrees, a pretilt angle is established.
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7. We have seen that a typical LCD display segment requires <1
We have seen that a typical LCD display segment requires <1.7V rms “front-to-back” electrode to turn OFF the segment, and >2.8V rms to turn ON the segment.
HOWEVER, the dc component of the “front-to-back” electrode voltage waveform MUST BE 0, or the LCD display will suffer permanent damage.
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8. Note how the FP1 electrodes are passed under by one BP1, one BP2, one BP3, and one BP4 electrode. The same goes for the FP2, FP3, …, FP8 electrodes.
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9. Note that the BP signals are always the same, and are shown below for 1:4 LCD display multiplexeing.
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12. CUSTOM LCD Display Example using 1:4 Multiplexing:
NOTE: Top two edge finger connections on left and right side are the four backplane connections. The rest of the edge fingers are frontplane connections which connect to exactly four segments.
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27. MOUSE OR TRACKBALL APPLICATION:
To decode direction of rotation, simply connect either the A or the B signal to the (rising edge sensitive) CLK input of a D flip-flop and the other signal to the D input! To keep track of distance travelled, count the rising edges of either signal A or B.
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