1. 6. Interference by thin films
If there is a very thin film of material – a few wavelengths thick – light will reflect from both the bottom and the top of the layer, causing interference.
(This can be seen in soap bubbles and oil slicks, for example.)
The wavelength of the light will be different inside and outside the film: t
constructive
destructive
An extra half-wavelength shift occurs when light reflects from a medium with higher refractive index.

2. Examples:
A similar effect takes place when a shallowly curved piece of glass is placed on a flat one. When viewed from above, concentric circles appear that are called Newton’s rings.
One can also create a thin film of air by creating a wedge-shaped gap between two pieces of glass.

3. Example: White light, with uniform intensity across the visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm, is perpendicularly incident on a water film, of index of refraction n=1.33 and thickness t=320nm, that is suspended in air. At what wavelength is the light reflected by the film brightest to an observer?
For m=1:
For m=2:
- ultraviolet
For m=0:
- infrared

4. Example: A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?
At the edge of the oil drop, the film is so thin that the path difference between the light reflecting off of the top surface and the light going through the oil and reflecting off of the bottom surface is so small that we can consider it to be zero. Thus, the two different rays of light must be in phase when they reach our eyes.
We know that the phase of the light being reflected off of the top surface of the oil must have been flipped 180°, since the index of refraction of oil is greater than that of air. Thus, the reflection off of the bottom surface of the film (where it touches the water), must also have flipped the phase of the light 180°. This tells us that the index of refraction of the water is higher than that of the oil. Thus, we know that the index of refraction of the oil is greater than that of air and less than that of water: < n < 1.33.

5. 6a) Phase shift during reflection
If the transmitted wave moves faster then the incident wave, then the reflected wave undergoes no phase change.
Examples:
Electromagnetic wave moves from water to air
Mechanical waves moves from thick rope to thin rope
If the transmitted wave moves slower then the incident wave,
then the reflected wave undergoes a half-wave length phase change.
Examples:
Electromagnetic wave moves from air to water
Mechanical waves moves from thin rope to thick rope
Waves travel slower on thick ropes then on thin ropes:
(F –tension in the rope, μ – linear mass density)

6. 6b) Thin and thick films
Question: Why interference is observed only in thin films?
Answer:
To observe interference we need coherent waves (sin waves with a constant phase shift).
Light from ordinary sources (sun, light bulbs) comes in a stream of a short bursts with length of about 1 micron. Light within a bursts is coherent, but different bursts are not coherent to each other.
Light reflected from two surfaces of a thin film is part of the same burst (coherent).
Light reflected from two surfaces of a thick film belong to different burst (incoherent).

7. 7. Polarization (review) (Polarizeation of transverse waves)
1) Waves on string (polarisation and polrizing filters)

8. 2) Electromagnetic waves (polarized light)y
This wave is polarized in y direction x
direction of motion of wave z
e.m. waves are transverse waves
Light is polarized when its electric fields oscillate in a single plane, rather than in any direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
3) Unpolarized light
Unpolarized light consist of waves with randomly directed electric fields. Here the waves are all traveling along the same axis, directly out of the page, and all have the same amplitude E.
A second way of representing unpolarized light – the light is the superposition of two polarized waves whose planes of oscillation are perpendicular to each other.
- intensity of unpolarized light
I - intensity of polarized component

9. 4) Polarisation of light (Malus’s law)
When light passes through a polarizer, only the component parallel to the polarization axis is transmitted.
If the incoming light is plane-polarized, the outgoing intensity is:
Example (two sheets):
The light transmitted by polarizing sheet P1 is vertically polarized, as represented by the vertical double arrow. The amount of that light that is transmitted by polarizing sheet P2 depends an the angle between the polarization direction of that light and the polarizing direction of P2

10. 7A. Polarization by reflection (Brewster’s law)
Light is also partially polarized after reflecting from a nonmetallic surface.
At a special angle, called the polarizing angle or Brewster’s angle, the polarization is 100%. n1 n2