1. MILLIMETER WAVE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR FUTURE 5G APPLICATIONS GUIDED BY SANISH V S Asst. professor Dept of ECE, JCET PRESENTED BY GANA U KUMAR JCE17ECCP03 S4 MTECH

2. OBJECTIVE To design a microstrip patch antenna for Ka-band (27-40GHz) For 5G application Operating frequency 28GHz Bandwidth > 1GHz Return loss > -15dB Gain > 7dB VSWR < 2dB

3. Microstrip Patch Antenna Microstrip patch antenna consist of following basic components:  Ground Plane  Substrate plane  Patch  Microstrip Feed The patch is made of conducting material such as copper or gold of any possible shape Dielectric substrate having different dielectric constant is used for fabrication Different design shapes and notches of the patch and cutting slots are used to get better output.

4. CIRCULAR PATCH The modes supported by circular patch antenna can be found by treating the patch, ground plane and the material between the two as a circular cavity. Substrate height is small (h<<λ) are TM۸z. Z is perpendicular to patch. Circular patch have only one degree of freedom to control i.e, radius of the patch. It changes the absolute value of resonnant frequency of each.

5. FEEDING TECHNIQUE Microstrip patch antenna can be feed by variety of methods. This method can be classified in to two Contacting and non-contacting. 1.Microstrip Line Feed. A conducting strip is connected to the edge of the patch. The feed can be etched to the substrate 2. Capacitive Feeding In this type of feeding the feeding is done to small another patch instead of main radiating patch

6. 3. Coaxial feeding Coaxial feed or probe feed is common technique is used for feeding microstrip patch antennas The center conductor of the coaxial connector is soldered to the patch. 4. Proximity Coupled Feed Fabrication of this feeding method is bit complicated Two dielectric substrates are used in this technique. The microstrip patch is there at the upper surface of the upper dielectric substrate and the feed line is there between two substrates

7. ANTENNA ARRAYS An antenna array(often called a ‘phased array’) is a set of two or more antennas. The signals from the antennas are combined or processed in order to achieve improved performance over that a single antenna. The array can be used to:  increase the overall gain  provide diversity reception  cancel out interference from a particular set of directions  "steer" the array so that it is most sensitive in a particular direction  determine the direction of arrival of the incoming signals  to maximize the Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR)

8. CIRCULAR ARRAY A circular array is another arrangement that is commonly found in phased arrays and recently, microwave beacon arrays The radius of the array is a. The angle between elements is assumed to be uniform. The circular arrays do not have edge elements.

9. Circular arrays also have the capability to compensate the effect of mutual coupling by breaking down the array excitation into a series of symmetrical spatial components. Applications are radio direction finding, air and space navigation, underground propagation, radar and sonar. Circular array can provide 2D angular scan both horizontally and vertically Feeding Array Antennas In a parallel or corporate feed network, all the elements are feed in parallel from a single source. The power splitters are realized using special RF power dividers, such as Wilkinson power dividers, or lossless combiners. In a series-fed array, antennas are feed in series from a common source.

10. In a series-fed array, antennas are feed in series from a common source An advantage of this type of array structure is that it implements something called frequency scanning, since the beam will scan with frequency. Both concepts can be combined into a hybrid feed or parallel-series feed. Sub-arrays are formed as series-fed groups of elements, fed by a common signal from a parallel feed structure. The parallel structure in turn allows the individual amplitudes/phases of the sub- arrays to be controlled

11. 5G MILLIMETER WAVE ANTENNA In this range, 26 GHz and 28 GHz have emerged as two of the most important bands. The availability of much larger amounts of spectrum in the millimeter wave bands will allow for ultra-high-speed mobile broadband services. 3GPP band refers to 26.5-29.5 GHz. It is commonly called 28 GHz. The whole range between 24.25 GHz and 29.5 GHz is important.

12. Features of 5G Less Traffic 25Mbps Connectivity Speed Uploading and down loading speed of 5G touching the peak Better and fast solution Advantages of 5G Data bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher Globally accessible Dynamic Information Access World wide cellular phones Extra ordinary data capabilities High connectivity

13. MILLIMETER WAVE FREQUENCY The mmWave technology is just one part of what future 5G networks will use. MMWave refers to a specific part of the radio frequency spectrum between 24GHz and 100GHz, which have a very short wavelength

14. The objective with mmWave is to increase the data bandwidth available over smaller, densely populated areas. Wave length is between 10mm to 1mm APPLICATIONS Scientific research Tele communications Weapons systems Security screening Thickness gauging Medicine Police speed radar

15. DESIGN APPROACH OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA In the typical design procedure of circular microstrip patch antenna, three essential parameters are:  Frequency of operation (fo): The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately. The antenna designed should be useful for 5G communication. The 5G spectrum ranges from 26.5 to 29.5. Hence the resonant frequency selected for design is 28GHz.

16.  Dielectric constant of the substrate (r): High copper losses may occur due to using a very thin substrate while a thicker substrate can degrade the performance of antenna due to surface waves. In the proposed antenna design, a Roger RT-5880 substrate is used whose dielectric constant is 2.2  Height of dielectric substrate (h): For the microstrip patch antenna to be used in communication system, it is essential that the antenna is not bulky. Hence the height of dielectric substrate is 0.508mm

17. SOFTWARE USED HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures from Ansys.

18. Features of HFSS: Capabilities: Accurate full-wave EM simulation Import/export of 3D structures Direct and iterative matrix solvers 17 Eigen mode matrix solver Solution Data (Visualization): S-, Y-, Z-parameter matrix (2D plot, Smith Chart) Current, E-field, H-field (3D static and animated field plot in vector display or magnitude display) Far-field calculation (2D, 3D, gain, radiation pattern) Ansoft terminology The Ansoft HFSS window has several optional panels

19. Important steps in designing antenna are: SUBSTRATE SELECTION The first important step in designing an antenna was the selection of the substrate. The impedance matching and bandwidth of an antenna are highly influenced by the parameters of substrate like height, dielectric constant and tangent loss (tanδ). The proposed antenna design, a Roger RT-5880 substrate is used whose dimensions and electrical properties are given in Table below Parametersvalues Dielectric constant2.2 Loss tangent0.0013 Dimension6×6mm Substrate height0.508mm

20. ANTENNA STRUCTURE AND DESIGN Microstrip circular patch The circular microstrip antenna offers a number of radiation pattern options The actual radius of the circular patch is calculated by the formula given by

21. Rp = the radius of the patch h = the height of the substrate f = the resonance frequency in hertz ε = the e ff ective dielectric constant of substrate. The procedure for designing a single circular patch antenna can be summarized by the following steps:  Choose the substrate material. Here the material used is Rogers RT/duroid 5880 with r =2.2.

22.  Decide the frequency range and the resonant frequency where the antenna want to resonate. That is fo=28GHz.  Select height of the substrate and patch material.  Calculate length and width of ground plame using antenna calculator.  Decide the feeding technique which is well suited for the design.  Design an antenna using HFSS simulation software using all above values.  Observe simulated return loss by varying different parameters until get the desired return loss.  Observe the simulation results

23. ParameterDescriptionValue foOperating frequency28GHz LsSubstrate Length6mm WsSubstrate width6mm HSubstrate height0.508mm RpPatch radius2.02mm MtPatch Height0.035mm WfFeed line Width0.38mm LgGround Length6mm WgGround width6mm Design dimensions of the proposed circular patch antenna operating at 28GHz

24. The proposed antenna design. (a) Front view, (b) back view and (c) perspective view

25. CIRCULAR ARRAY DESIGN An antenna array (often called a 'phased array') is a set of 2 or more antennas. The signals from the antennas are combined or processed in order to achieve improved performance over that of a single antenna. An antenna array is a set of individual antennas used for transmitting and/or receiving radio waves, connected together in such a way that their individual currents are in a specified amplitude and phase relationship. Why Micro strip Patch Antennas Array is been used? The antenna array can be used to: Increase the overall gain Provide diversity reception

26. Cancel out interference from a particular set of directions "Steer" the array so that it is most sensitive in a particular direction Determine the direction of arrival of the incoming signals To maximize the Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR) Array Design For the aim of achieving more gain for 5G Mobile communication applications, a series array of 1×4 elements is implemented. The array is fed at the centre, and the configurations is shown in Figure below.

27. The array resonates at 28GHz respectively. All elements of the array resonate at the same frequency and are designed for radiation in broadside direction. The array is split into two linear sub arrays and fed in the middle. Unit cells are kept 4.4mm apart for the necessary prevention of the interference. The array is fed with center series fed technique. ParametersDescriptionValue D Distance b/w unit cells 4.4 WaArray width31 LaArray length7 WfCentre fed1 Wf1 = Wf2Series fed0.19

28. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS The simulated and measured results of the proposed unit cell design of the antenna are discussed MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA The simulated microstrip patch antennas is shown in the figure. A single circular microstrip patch antenna and its array is been simulated by using HFSS software Here substrate material used is Rogers RT/duroid 5880 height is h= 0.508mm r=2.2.

29. Simulated Single Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna

30. Simulated Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna Array

31. RETURN LOSS Return loss is the ratio of incident power to the reflected power of an antenna in decibels (dB). Return loss of an antenna is represented by S11 (dB). For an antenna to perform in e ff ective way, S11 (dB) should be less than−10dB. The proposed antenna has S11 (dB) of −18dB at 28GHz, and array of the suggested antenna has return losses of −16dB at 28GHz. Graphs of both the unit cell and 1×4 array configurations are given in Figure.

32. Return Loss of Unit Cell Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna

33. Return Loss of Circular Array

34. VSWR VSWR Impedance matching of the antenna and transmission line is a key factor in evaluating the antenna performance. VSWR parameter defines how well the impedance of antenna is matched with transmission line by taking the ratio of the reflected maximum and minimum voltage wave. A value of VSWR ≤ 2 is considered as the main requirement.

35. VSWR Plot For Unit Cell Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

36. VSWR Plot For Microstrip Circular Patch Array

37. VSWR obtained by adjusting center frequency of antenna

38. 3D Gain Plots of the Proposed Antenna Antenna gain is defined as the radio between the radiation intensity in a given particular direction and total input power. The radiation intensity Unexpressed the power radiated per solid angle. Microstrip unit cell circular patch antennas can provide gain of 7.78dB. Circular array can provide gain of 8.90dB.

39. 3D Gain Plot Of Unit Cell Microstrip Patch Antenna

40. 3D Gain Plot Of Circular Patch Antenna Array

41. RADIATION PATTERN A radiation pattern defined as the variation of the power radiation from an antenna which is away from the antenna. Radiation Pattern of Unit cell Circular Patch Antenna

42. Radiation Pattern Of Circular Array

43. CONCLUSION The main goal of this project is to design and develop 5G antenna and it’s array. A circular microstrip patch antenna with its array is presented for possible future 5G applications. The basics of microstrip fractal antenna are studied in detail and all the design considerations of the antenna is been examined. Thus here size reduction along with the large bandwidth and high gain are the major considerations for designing the antenna. The 5G antenna is designed in an operating frequency 28GHz and simulated. The various design parameters such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and gain are obtained using simulation.

44. The antenna is further configured to an array of 1 × 4 linear elements to make it suitable for 5G mobile communication systems. This simple design is achieved on a Rogers 5880 substrate which resonates at millimeter-wave frequencies of 28GHz as a unit cell and with an array. These antennas can be used for 5G applications. The Millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna are simulated and can be further fabricated for 5G applications.

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