Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck Lutgens 

Earth’s History Chapter 13 CA Content Standard
Students know from geological studies of Earth and other planets suggest that the early Earth was very different from the Earth today. Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke

Earth’s History 13.1 Describe the history of the Precambrian time.
Chapter 13 Earth’s History Section Objectives 13.1 Describe the history of the Precambrian time. 13.2 Compare Earth’s original atmosphere and geosphere to its atmosphere and geosphere today. 13.3 Explain how scientists know about the conditions on Earth during the Precambrian time. Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke

Earth’s History ◆ shields ◆ stromatolites Chapter 13 Vocabulary
Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke

Earth’s History Chapter 13.1 Reading Strategy
Shields are composed of a. metamorphic rocks; are evidence of b. the early continents; and are significant to Precambrian time because c. they formed during that time. Stromatolites are composed of d. calcium carbonates; are evidence of e. algae; and are significant to Precambrian time because f. they are evidence of the earliest life on Earth. Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke

Geologic Time Scale Makes no sense without caption in book

The PreCambrian History
Makes no sense without caption in book

13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling
Precambrian History SO #1 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  The Precambrian time starts at the Earth’s beginning and continues until the start of the Cambrian period over 4 billion years later. #1  The Precambrian encompasses 88% of the geologic time scale. #2

Geologic Time Scale Why is the Precambrian history scattered and incomplete? Most Precambrian rocks do not contain fossils, which makes correlating rock layers difficult. Many rocks of this age are metamorphosed and deformed, extremely eroded, and hidden by overlying strata. #3 Makes no sense without caption in book

Precambrian History SO #3 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Precambrian Fossils • The most common Precambrian fossils are stromatolites. #4 • Stromatolites are distinctively layered mounds or columns of calcium carbonate. They are not the remains of actual organisms but are the material deposited by algae.

Precambrian History SO #3 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Precambrian Fossils • Large core areas of Precambrian rocks dominating the surface of some continents are called shields. #5

Remnants of Precambrian Rocks

Precambrian History SO #3 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Precambrian Fossils • The source of information about Precambrian rocks are the ores. #6

Precambrian History SO #3 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Precambrian Fossils • Many of these ancient fossils are preserved in chert—a hard dense chemical sedimentary rock. #7

Precambrian History SO #2 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Earth’s Atmosphere Evolves • Earth’s original atmosphere was made up of gases similar to those released in volcanic eruptions today—water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and several trace gases, but no oxygen. • Later, primary plants evolved that used photosynthesis and released oxygen. • Oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago.

Precambrian History #8 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling High-velocity impacts of nuclear debris caused gases dissolved in the molten rock to be released into the atmosphere. Earth’s original atmosphere was made up of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and several trace gases, but no oxygen. As the planet cools, the water vapor condensed to form clouds, and great rains began. The rain evaporated, which sped up the cooling of the Earth’s surface. The rain reduced the amount of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the air. A nitrogen rich atmosphere remained. Primitive plants evolved that used photosynthesis and released oxygen. These plants used carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to produce oxygen. Slowly the oxygen content of Earth’s atmosphere increased. The Precambrian rock record suggests That much of the first free oxygen didn’t remain free because it combined with iron. Once the available iron finished reacting, oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere. This accumulation began about 2.5 billion years ago.

Precambrian Fossils 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  The most common Precambrian fossils are stromatolites. Many of the ancient fossils are preserved in chert. #9  Trace fossils are not fossils of the animals themselves but are impressions of their activities, such as trails and worm holes.#10

13.1 Meeting the Standards 1. What time span is encompassed by
Precambrian time? 2. Describe the components that made up Earth’s first atmosphere. 3. Why did the amount of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere increase dramatically? 4. What kinds of fossils of Precambrian life have been found?

13.1 Answers 1. Precambrian time encompasses 4.56 billion years.
2. Earth’s first atmosphere was probably made up of nitrogen and small amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. 3. The evolution of organisms that used photosynthesis caused the release of increasing amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere. 4. stromatolites, microscopic organisms, prokaryotes, trace fossils

13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
Section Objectives 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes 13.4 List the periods that make up the Paleozoic era. 13.5 Explain how tectonic movements affected the locations of the continents during the Paleozoic era. 13.6 Describe some of the life-forms that existed in the early Paleozoic era.

Vocabulary 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes ◆ Gondwana ◆ Laurasia

Reading Strategy 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes Continental Positions Plant Life Animal Life Early Paleozoic Gondwana (South Pole); Equator Confined to sea Marine invertebrates (trilobites), cephalopods, brachiopods and animals with hard shells developed Middle Paleozoic Laurasia was forming; Gondwana moved northward Plants that had adapted to water’s edge began to move inland Armor-plated fishes, primitive sharks, bony fishes begin to develop Late Paleozoic Pangea formed Land plants developed from leafless spikes to full trees Fish developed scales, and amphibians became dominant

Following the long Precambrian, the most recent 540 million years of Earth’s history are divided into three eras: #1 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

* The Paleozoic era encompasses about 292 million years and is the longest of the three eras following the Precambrian time. #2 The Paleozoic era is divided into : 1. Early Paleozoic 2. Middle Paleozoic 3. Late Paleozoic

Paleozoic Era SO#1 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  Early Paleozoic is divided into: #3 Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period  Late Paleozoic is divided into: #4 Devonian Period Mississippian Period Pennsylvanian Period Permian Period

13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes SO#2
• During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, the vast southern continent of Gondwana encompassed five continents: #5a South America Africa Australia Antarctica, and part of Asia  Early Paleozoic History

Early Paleozoic Era At the beginning of the Early Paleozoic, North America was a landmass with no living things, plant or animal. #5b Makes no sense without caption in book

Gondwana and the Continental Landmasses
During the Silurian period, much of North America was covered by shallow seas.#5c Makes no sense without caption in book

During the Silurian period, large barrier reefs restricted circulation between shallow marine basins and the open ocean.5d Makes no sense without caption in book

#6 E D F Makes no sense without caption in book C A B

Early Paleozoic Era – Life during the Ordovician Period SO#3
 Early Paleozoic Life • Life in early Paleozoic time was restricted to the seas. TRILOBITES ARMOUR PLATED FISH CEPHALOPODS BRACHIOPODS

Late Paleozoic Plate Movements
• Laurasia is the continental mass that formed the northern portion of Pangaea, consisting of present-day North America and Eurasia. #7 • By the end of the Paleozoic, all the continents had fused into the supercontinent of Pangaea. #8 Makes no sense without caption in book

Late Paleozoic Life 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes • Some 400 million years ago, plants that had adapted to survive at the water’s edge began to move inland, becoming land plants. Pennsylvanian Coral Swamp • The amphibians rapidly diversified because they had minimal competition from other land dwellers.

The Great Paleozoic Extinction 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  The world’s climate became very seasonal, probably causing the dramatic extinction of many species.  The late Paleozoic extinction was the greatest of at least five mass extinctions to occur over the past 500 million years.

Debris from volcanic eruptions blocked incoming sunlight Sulfuric acid made the seas unfit to live in 3. Or an impact from an extraterrestrial body may have contributed to the mass extinction. The Great Paleozoic Extinction 13.2 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes  What are three possible explanations for the mass extinction of species that occurred during the late Paleozoic? #9

13.2 Meeting the Standards 1. What are the seven periods that make up the Paleozoic era? 2. Which present-day continents made up Gondwana, Laurasia, and Pangaea? 3. Which life forms dominated the early, middle, and late parts of the Paleozoic era? 4. What allowed amphibians to flourish on land?

13.2 Answers 1. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,
Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian 2. Gondwana—South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, India, and perhaps China; Laurasia—North America, Europe, western Asia; Pangaea—all the present-day continents

13.2 Answers 3. early—invertebrates; late—amphibians
4. Amphibians were able to colonize areas that other animals were not. The lack of competition for resources allowed amphibians to be successful.

13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles
Section Objectives 13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles 13.8 Explain how continental positions changed during the Mesozoic era. 13.9 Describe the plant life and animal life that dominated during the Mesozoic era. 13.10 State the cause of the mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic era.

Vocabulary 13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles ◆ dinosaur ◆ gymnosperm

Mesozoic Era (Reading Strategy) 13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles I. Mesozoic History • Begins with most areas above sea level. • Shallow seas invade most continents. • Mountains form in western North America II. Mesozoic Life • Conditions favored life that could adapt to drier climates. • Gymnosperms were seed-bearing plants that did not need to live near water. III. The Shelled Egg • Reptiles became the first true land animals. • Shell-covered land eggs replaced water-dwelling stage of life in many cases. IV. ReptilesDominate • Dinosaurs were the largest of the reptiles. • Reptiles quickly became the dominant land animals.

 The three periods that divided the Mesozoic era were : Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. #1

Mesozoic Era #2 a, b, d 13.3 Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles  When the Mesozoic era began, much of the world’s land was above sea level.  Very few marine fossils were found in North America from the Triassic period.  Toward the end of the Mesozoic era, the Rocky Mountains began to form.

 Dinosaurs were land-dwelling reptiles that thrived during the Mesozoic era. Dinosaurs were NOT the only large reptiles during the Mesozoic Era. #9

 Mesozoic History • A major event of the Mesozoic era was the breakup of Pangaea. Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Canadian Rockies Were Formed Throughout the Cretaceous Period

 Mesozoic Life • Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants that do not depend on free-standing water for fertilization. • The gymnosperms quickly became the dominant plants of the Mesozoic era. #3

 The Shelled Egg • Unlike amphibians, reptiles have shell-covered eggs that can be laid on the land. #4a • The elimination of a water-dwelling stage (like the tadpole stage in frogs) was an important evolutionary step. • Reptiles adapted readily to the drier Mesozoic environment. #4c • Reptiles adapted to fill many environmental niches.#4d

 Reptiles Dominate • With the perfection of the shelled egg, reptiles quickly became the dominant land animals. • At the end of the Mesozoic era, many reptile groups became extinct. • Dinosaurs became dominant land animals for over 100 million years. #10

The Flying Reptile Pteranodon

Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs
Makes no sense without caption in book These dinosaurs were marine animals that retained their reptilian teeth and breathed by means of lungs. #5

Mesozoic Reptiles Related to Reptiles that Survived Today #6
SNAKES TURTLES Makes no sense without caption in book LIZARDS CROCODILES

Fossil Skull of an Extinct Crocodile

Changes during the Mesozoic Era
Continental Positions The continent of Pangaea broke apart, and the present-day continents began to drift towards their current positions. Plant Life Gymnosperms became the dominant plants of the Mesozoic era. Animal The shelled egg enabled reptiles to become the dominant land animals of this era. Plant and Extinction At the end of the Mesozoic era, many reptile groups became extinct. Only a few types of reptiles survived to recent times. Some scientists believe that a meteorite collision with Earth caused the massive extinction of species at the end of this era. Makes no sense without caption in book

13.3 Extinction of Many Plants and Animals #8
 The meteorite collided with Earth, causing huge quantities of dust to block the light from the sun. Plants were unable to undergo photosynthesis because of lack of light, and they died. Animals that ate plants died because of lack of plants to eat. Animals that ate the plant-eating animals died because the plant eaters were dead. #8

13.3 Meeting the Standards 1. How did plate tectonics create dramatic
changes in the continental land mass during the Mesozoic? 2. What advantage allowed both reptiles and gymnosperms to dominate as life forms in the Mesozoic? 3. What caused the extinction of so many of the reptile groups that had flourished?

13.3 Answers 1. Tectonic activity caused the supercontinent
of Pangaea to break up during the Mesozoic. 2. The advantage of being able to live on land allowed both dinosaurs and gymnosperms to exploit new resources and diversify. 3. Scientists think the mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic was caused by a meteorite impact.

13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
Section Objectives 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals 1. List the periods that make up the Cenozoic era. 2. Describe the land formations created during the Cenozoic era. 3. Describe the plant life and animal life that became prominent in the Cenozoic era. 4. Describe the conditions that helped mammals become dominant in the Cenozoic era.

Vocabulary 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals ◆ mammal ◆ angiosperm

Reading Strategy 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals Angiosperms Mammals a. developed flowers and covered seeds warm-blooded, insulating body hair, more efficient heart and lungs, increase in size and brain capacity, specialized teeth and limbs

The Cenozoic era is divided into two periods of very unequal duration #1 a. Tertiary period – includes 62 million years #2 b. Quaternary period – represents the last 2 million years of geologic time. #2

 Plate interactions during the Cenozoic era caused many events of mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes in the West. #3

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Mammals—animals that bear live young and maintain a steady body temperature— replaced reptiles as the dominant land animals in the Cenozoic era. #4

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Angiosperms—flowering plants with covered seeds—replaced gymnosperms as the dominant land plants. #5

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  The Cenozoic period is often called the “age of mammals.” #6a  The Cenozoic period could be called the “age of flowering plants.”#6b  Birds that feed on seeds and fruits evolved rapidly during the Cenozoic era.#6c  Grasses developed and spread rapidly over the plains during the Cenozoic era.#6d

Contrasting Mammals and Reptiles #7 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals Mammals Reptiles a. give birth to live young hatch from eggs b. are warm-blooded are cold-blooded c. have adaptations to survive in cold regions cannot survive in cold regions

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Mammals Replace Reptiles • Adaptations like being warm blooded, developing insulating body hair, and having more efficient heart and lungs allow mammals to lead more active lives than reptiles.

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  What four adaptations allowed mammals to replace reptiles as the dominant land animals? #8 increase in size increase in brain capacity specialization of teeth to better accommodate a particular diet specialization of limbs to better equip the animal for life in a particular environment

Fossils from La Brea Tar Pits

 Large Mammals and Extinction • In North America, the mastodon and mammoth, both huge relatives of the elephant, became extinct. In addition, saber-toothed cats, giant beavers, large ground sloths, horses, camels, giant bison, and others died out on the North American continent. Large Ground Sloth Mammoth Mastodon Saber Toothed Cat Giant Beavers

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Large Mammals and Extinction • What may have caused the late Pleistocene extinction of large mammals? --- Hunting by humans may have caused the extinctions. #9

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  Mammals during the Cenozoic Era a. Many mammals today evolved from primitive mammals with short legs, flat five-toed feet, and small brains. #10a b. During the Oligocene epoch, a hornless rhinoceros that stood nearly 5 m high had evolved.#10b

Cenozoic Life 13.4 Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals  The adaptations of mammals allow them to lead more active lives than reptiles. #11

13.4 Meeting the Standards 1. What proportion of the Cenozoic era do
each of the two periods make up? 2. How were the mountains of western North America created? 3. What adaptations caused angiosperms to surpass the success of gymnosperms? 4. How did the extinctions at the end of the Mesozoic era allow mammals to be successful?

Answers 1. The Tertiary period makes up about 63 million years of the Cenozoic, while the Quaternary period makes up only about 2 million years of the Cenozoic. 2. Western North America was on the edge of a tectonic plate, causing mountain building activities when the plate overrode the Pacific plate.

13.4 Answers 3. Angiosperms developed flowering plants
with covered seeds. These advances allowed better seed fertilization and dispersal and improved reproduction by integrating animals into the angiosperms’ life cycles. 4. The extinctions of dinosaurs and other reptiles made room for mammals to exploit the resources available and become successful.

Precambrian History 13.1 Precambrian Time: Vast and Puzzling  Precambrian Rocks • Shields are large, relatively flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within the stable continental interior. • Much of what we know about Precambrian rocks comes from ores mined from shields.

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