1. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II
SPEECH BY CHAMBERLAIN, PRIME MINISTER OF ENGLAND. IT WAS GIVEN ON THE DAY OF THE MUNICH APPEASEMENT (WHERE HITLER WAS GIVEN SUDETENLAND WITH THE STIPULATION THAT HE WOULDN’T TAKE ANY MORE TERRITORY).

2. LEGACY OF WORLD WAR I HORRORS OF WWI GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
FLAWED TREATY OF VERSAILLES
GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
WAR DEBTS

3. HORRORS OF WORLD WAR I
HORRORS OF WORLD WAR ONE: THIS MADE MANY AMERICANS TURN THEIR BACK ON EUROPE AND ITS PROBLEMS. THE UNITED STATES WOULD NOT BE THERE TO AID THE EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES IN THEIR CONFRONTATIONS WITH FASCISM IN THE 1930S.

4. TREATY OF VERSAILLES: GERMAN RESENTMENT
LAND TAKEN FROM GERMANY
WAR REPARATIONS
TINY GERMAN ARMY ALLOWED
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
NO LEAGUE OF NATIONS MEMBERSHIP
TREATY OF VERSAILLES: THE PEACE TREATY ENDING WW I CAUSED MORE PROBLEMS THAN IT SOLVED AND LAID THE BASIS FOR WW II. NEW COUNTRIES CREATED FROM TREATY: POLAND, LITHUANIA, LATVIA, ESTONIA AND FINLAND WERE FORMED FROM LAND LOST BY RUSSIA. CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND HUNGARY WERE FORMED OUT OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE.

5. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, GERMAN BITTERNESS
GERMANY WOULD BE BITTER OVER THE LANDS SHE LOST, AND THE NEW NATIONS FORMED AFTER WWI WOULD CAUSE ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS.

6. GERMAN ARMY LIMITATIONS
TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
GERMAN ARMY LIMITATIONS
TYPE
AMOUNT ALLOWED
PLANES
WARSHIPS 6
SOLDIERS
100,000
CONSCRIPTION
(DRAFTING AN ARMY)
BANNED
PRIOR TO WWI GERMANY HAD THE LARGEST LAND ARMY IN WESTERN EUROPE WITH OVER A MILLION SOLDIERS.

7. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, GERMAN WAR GUILT
GERMANY WAS FORCED TO ACCEPT ALL OF THE BLAME FOR WWI, WHICH INCREASED GERMAN BITTERNESS.

8. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, LEAGUE OF NATIONS
SET UP TO KEEP THE PEACE AND AVOID FUTURE WAR. THE UNITED STATES DID NOT JOIN, EVEN THOUGH IT HAD BEEN PRESIDENT WILSON’S BRAINCHILD. HE FAILED TO GET THE SENATE TO RATIFY THE TREATY. SINCE THE U.S. DID NOT OFFICIALLY JOIN, THE LEAGUE WAS WEAKENED FROM THE START.

9. GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AFTER WORLD WAR I
In 1918, WWI ENDS Marks to the Dollar.
2. In 1921, marks to the dollar.
3. In ,200,000,000,000 marks to the dollar….
PRICE OF A LOAF OF BREAD
In 1918 a loaf of bread cost just over half a mark.
By 1922 the cost had risen to 163 marks for a loaf of bread.
By 1923 a loaf of bread cost 201,000,000,000 million marks
WEIMAR REPUBLIC: DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT OF GERMANY FROM THE END OF WW I TO HITLER'S TAKEOVER OF GERMANY IN LACK OF A DEMOCRATIC TRADITION IN GERMANY, ALONG WITH THE SEVERE DEPRESSION AROUND 1930, CAUSES MANY GERMANS TO LOSE FAITH IN DEMOCRACY, WHICH THEY SAW AS A WEAK AND INEFFECTUAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT. MANY EMBRACED THE DICTATORSHIP OF HITLER.

10. Hemingway visits Germany in 1923
“A couple of days later, from the banks of the Rhine, Hemingway witnessed a group of angry young men fighting six policemen on a bridge. Five of the policemen were thrown from the bridge into the fast moving river leaving one hanging from the rail of the bridge “like a puppet” until one of the men chopped off the policeman’s hands with an axe. The policeman fell to his certain death in a black and freezing Rhine. “Why so much brutality?” Hemingway asked himself.”

11. FRENCH TROOPS ENTERING GERMAN RUHR, 1923
SEE THE 1923 HANDOUT
Discussion question: Why would France send its troops into Germany in 1923, five years after World War One was over?
Answer: French troops occupied the Ruhr to punish the German government for defaulting on war reparations. France needed money to pay back the U.S..

12. RISE OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES
ITALY-- Mussolini
GERMANY-- Hitler
JAPAN-- Tojo
USSR-- Stalin

13. AXIS POWERS

14. AXIS POWER:
ITALY

15. TREATY OF VERSAILLES, ITALY CHEATED?
In the treaty, France and Britain agreed that Italy would be given the Adriatic coast (GREEN). Instead, Italy only got the PINK.
Many Italians felt betrayed.

16. BENITO MUSSOLINI AT THE HEIGHT OF HIS POWER
MOVIE IS SILENT

17. MUSSOLINI’S BLACK SHIRTS, HIS PARAMILITARY (PRIVATE ARMY) SUPPORTERS, MARCH ON ROME, BRINGING HIM TO POWER IN ITALY, OCT

18. “BELIEVE, OBEY, FIGHT": SLOGAN OF MUSSOLINI'S FASCIST PARTY
“BELIEVE, OBEY, FIGHT": SLOGAN OF MUSSOLINI'S FASCIST PARTY. MUSSOLINI WANTED TO RECREATE THE ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE THAT HAD FALLEN 1500 YEARS AGO.
BLACK SHIRTS: NAME FOR MUSSOLINI'S PRIVATE ARMY OF FASCISTS. THEY HELPED HIM TAKE OVER ITALY.

19. ITALIAN AGGRESSION IN ETHIOPIA
ITALIAN EXPANSION: MUSSOLINI BEGAN A CAMPAIGN OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. IN 1935 HE ILLEGALLY[note—illegally according to whose law—ethiopian, italian TOOK OVER THE AFRICAN NATION OF ETHIOPIA. ITALY TARGETED ETHIOPIA BECAUSE THE ITALIANS HAD TRIED AND FAILED TO TAKE IT OVER IN THE PAST.
APRIL 7, 1939: ITALY INVADED AND CONQUERED ALBANIA.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS RESPONSE: THE LEAGUE IMPOSED MILD SANCTIONS (PUNISHMENTS) ON ITALY BUT THEY WERE TOO WEAK TO DO ANY GOOD. THE LEAGUE, AS AN INSTRUMENT OF WORLD PEACE, WAS DESTROYED AND NO ONE PAID ANY ATTENTION TO IT AGAIN.

20. ETHIOPIAN ARMY
ETHIOPIA LACKED THE MODERN WEAPONS THAT ITALY POSSESSED.

21. HAILE SELLASSIE: EMPEROR OF ETHIOPIA
“Should it happen that a strong government finds it may… destroy a weak people, then the hour strikes for … the League of Nations to give its judgment ...”
SELLASSIE TRIED TO APPEAL TO THE LEAGUE FOR INTERVENTION IN ETHIOPIA. HE ARGUED THAT IF THE LEAGUE IGNORED HIS APPEAL IT WOULD PUT ALL SMALL, POORLY ARMED COUNTRIES AT RISK.
Sellassie pleads for help from the League of Nations, 1936
None Comes.

22. AXIS POWER:
GERMANY
THE GREATEST DANGER TO PEACE WAS THE MENACE OF A REARMED GERMANY BENT ON CONQUEST.

23. WHY WAS ADOLF HITLER SUCCESSFUL IN TAKING OVER GERMANY?
Nazis gave Germans a sense of pride
People feared the Communist alternative
Mass unemployment- Nazis put people to work
Hitler was a popular speaker
Weimar Government was hated while the Nazis stood up to the West
REASONS MOST GERMANS SUPPORTED HITLER: A. GAVE GERMANS A SENSE OF NATIONAL UNITY B. BEGAN A MASSIVE REARMAMENT (BUILDING WEAPONS) PROGRAM GIVING JOBS TO THE UNEMPLOYED C. NAZI PARTY OFFERED OPPORTUNITIES FOR AVERAGE GERMANS TO RISE UP IN SOCIETY

24. HITLER AS A SOLDIER IN WWI
HITLER AS A SOLDIER IN WWI. HE DID NOT SUPPORT THE SURRENDER OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT AT THE END OF THE WAR, IT LEFT HIM VERY DISILLUSIONED.

25. HITLER ADDRESSING AN EARLY NAZI PARTY GATHERING
NAZI PARTY: FOUNDED IN 1919 AND TAKEN OVER BY HITLER SOON AFTER. THE NAZIS BELIEVED THAT JEWS, COMMUNISTS AND TRAITORS BETRAYED GERMANY AND LOST WW I. THEY ALSO BELIEVED THAT GERMANS WERE A SPECIAL RACE DESTINED TO RULE THE WORLD. THEY WERE ANTI-DEMOCRATIC AND BELIEVED IN ONE PARTY AND ONE LEADER. ANYONE WHO DISAGREED WITH THEM WOULD BE IMPRISONED OR MURDERED.

26. MEIN KAMPF: BOOK BY HITLER ON HIS POLITICAL VIEWS
MEIN KAMPF: BOOK BY HITLER ON HIS POLITICAL VIEWS. IN THE BOOK HE BLAMED JEWS AND COMMUNISTS FOR ALL OF GERMANY'S PROBLEMS. THE BOOK LAID OUT HIS PLANS FOR WORLD CONQUEST.
Cover of Mein Kampf, written in 1924 while Hitler was imprisoned for staging a revolt

27. NAZI PROPAGANDA DEPICTING THE MASTER RACE
NAZI PROPAGANDA DEPICTING THE IDEAL GERMAN ARYAN
NAZI PROPAGANDA DEPICTING THE MASTER RACE
ARYANS: NAZI RACIST CONCEPT THAT GERMANIC (ARYAN) PEOPLE ARE A MASTER RACE SUPERIOR TO OTHER RACES. THEY HAVE THE RIGHT AND DUTY TO CONQUER AND ENSLAVE THE INFERIOR RACES. ARYANS ARE WHITE PEOPLE WITH BLUE OR GREEN EYES AND BLONDE HAIR. HITLER DID NOT HAVE BLONDE HAIR OR BLUE EYES.

28. EXAMPLES OF NAZI ANTI-SEMITISM
How would this picture of a Jew threaten many Germans?
ANTI-SEMITISM: HATRED AND PREJUDICE AGAINST JEWS. HITLER AND THE NAZIS WERE VICIOUSLY ANTI-SEMITIC, BLAMING JEWS FOR ALL THE PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD. WHEN THEY GAINED POWER THEY MURDERED 6 MILLION JEWS. FIRST PICTURE SHOWS JEWS AND AFRICANS TOGETHER.
FINAL SOLUTION TO THE JEWISH PROBLEM

29. HITLER ELECTED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY 1933
DER FUHRER: HITLER WAS ELECTED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY IN HITLER, AFTER BECOMING CHANCELLOR (PRIME MINISTER) OF GERMANY, TURNED HIMSELF INTO A DICTATOR, ELIMINATING OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES AND MURDERING OR IMPRISONING ANYONE WHOM OPPOSED HIM. HE DESTROYED DEMOCRACY IN GERMANY AND BECAME THE SOLE RULER/DICTATOR.
HITLER ELECTED CHANCELLOR OF GERMANY 1933

30. VOLKSWAGEN: A CAR FOR ALMOST EVERY GERMAN
HITLER VOWED TO PRODUCE AUTOMOBILES THAT ALMOST EVERY GERMAN COULD AFFORD.

31. STATEMENTS FROM MEIN KAMPF
All Germans should have the right to live in Germany.
Treaty of Versailles was unfair.
German blood is a requirement for German Citizenship.
Only citizens can hold public office.
If there isn’t enough food or work for the German people, foreigners must leave.
No new immigrants.
Newspapers must publish in German only.
NAZI PROGRAM IMPLEMENTED: HITLER BEGAN RESTRUCTURING GERMAN SOCIETY. JEWS WERE STRIPPED OF CITIZENSHIP AND DENIED BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS. SCHOOLS WERE PUT UNDER NAZI CONTROL AND STUDENTS WERE TURNED INTO GOOD NAZIS. THE NEWSPAPERS, RADIO, FILMS AND EVERYTHING ELSE WAS TAKEN OVER BY THE NAZI PARTY AND USED TO ADVANCE HITLER'S GOALS.

32. KRISTALLNACHT: HITLER ATTACKS THE JEWS
KRISTALLNACHT: "NIGHT OF THE BROKEN GLASS", ANTI-SEMITISM BECAME THE OFFICIAL POLICY OF GERMANY. ON NOV. 10, 1938, NAZI THUGS ATTACKED EVERYTHING JEWISH IN GERMANY, KILLING JEWS , DESTROYING SYNAGOGUES, AND LOOTING JEWISH-OWNED BUSINESSES

33. HITLER BEGINS HIS MARCH TO WORLD WAR II
1935: HITLER DECLARES THAT GERMANY WILL REARM, IN VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
MARCH 1936: HITLER REOCCUPIES THE RHINELAND NEAR FRANCE
MARCH 1938: HITLER TAKES OVER AUSTRIA
SEPTEMBER 1938: HITLER DEMANDS CZECH SUDETENLAND
MARCH 1939: HITLER TAKES OVER THE REST OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
SEPTEMBER 1, 1939: HITLER INVADES POLAND
SEPTEMBER 3, 1939: BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR

34. CZECHOSLOVAKIA’S MAIN DEFENSES WERE IN THE SUDETENLAND
APPEASEMENT: BRITISH AND FRENCH STRATEGY TO BUY OFF HITLER BY GIVING HIM PART OF WHAT HE WANTED HOPING HE WOULD NOT ASK FOR MORE. (I.E. BULLY DEMANDING MONEY TO LEAVE YOU ALONE)
MUNICH CONFERENCE: HITLER DEMANDED THAT CZECHOSLOVAKIA HAND OVER A PART OF THEIR NATION CALLED THE SUDETENLAND THAT HAD MANY GERMANS. THIS AREA CONTAINED THE MAIN CZECH FORTIFICATIONS AND WITHOUT IT CZECH WOULD BE DEFENSELESS. CZECH’S ALLIES BRITAIN AND FRANCE, INSTEAD OF BACKING THEM SOLD THEM OUT AT THE MUNICH CONFERENCE IN SEPT. OF 1938.

35. The Munich Conference gave Sudetenland to Hitler.
An example of appeasement. Czechoslovakia wasn’t invited to attend.
SPEECH BY HITLER
NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN
EDOUARD DALADIER
NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN: BRITISH PRIME MINISTER WHO WAS AN ADVOCATE OF APPEASEMENT AND ENGINEERED THE MUNICH CONFERENCE. SOUND CLIP IS HITLER’S SPEECH (WITH TRANSLATION) AFTER THE MUNICH CONFERENCE. CLICK TO HEAR THE SPEECH.
EDOUARD DALADIER: FRENCH PREMIER WHO WENT ALONG WITH CHAMBERLAIN ON APPEASEMENT

36. MARCH 1939: HITLER TOOK OVER THE REST OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN VIOLATION OF THE MUNICH CONFERENCE AGREEMENT. THIS SHOWED HITLER WAS A LIAR AND COULD NOT BE TRUSTED. BRITAIN AND FRANCE REALIZED THAT HITLER WAS A LIAR AND THEY HAD TO PREPARE FOR WAR.
WHAT NATION WOULD BE HITLER’S NEXT TARGET FOR INVASION?

37. REACTIONS OF CZECHS TO HITLER’S TAKEOVER
HOW DO YOU THINK THESE GERMAN INHABITANTS OF THE SUDETENLAND FEEL ABOUT BEING TAKEN OVER BY NAZI GERMANY?

38. Hitler wanted to avoid fighting on two fronts at one time
TWO FRONT WAR: HITLER HOPED TO AVOID A REPEAT OF THE SITUATION IN WWI WHERE GERMANY HAD TO FIGHT ON BOTH THE WESTERN AND EASTERN PARTS OF EUROPE.

39. THE WORLD IS SHOCKED WHEN TWO BITTER ENEMIES, GERMANY AND THE USSR, SIGN A NONAGGRESSION PACT IN AUGUST 1939 PROMISING NOT TO ATTACK EACH OTHER
NONAGGRESSION PACT: AUGUST 1939, AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE USSR AND GERMANY IN WHICH THEY PROMISED NOT TO ATTACK EACH OTHER. THIS CAME AS A SHOCK BECAUSE HITLER HATED COMMUNISM AND STALIN HATED NAZISM. THIS PACT FREED HITLER TO ATTACK POLAND AND RISK A WAR WITH THE ALLIES (UK AND FRANCE).

40. WHY IS GOLDILOCKS/POLAND SO UPSET
WHY IS GOLDILOCKS/POLAND SO UPSET? BECAUSE POLAND’S TWO TRADITIONAL ENEMIES ARE NOW ALLIES.

41. ITALY CONQUERS ALBANIA, 1939
ALBANIA, A SMALL NATION IN THE BALKANS WAS INVADED AND TAKEN OVER BY ITALY ON APRIL 7, 1939.

42. HITLER INVADES POLAND: SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
SEPTEMBER 1, 1939: HITLER INVADES POLAND. ON SEPTEMBER 17, 1939, THE USSR, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NONAGGRESSION PACT, INVADED POLAND FROM THE EAST.

43. THE POLISH ARMY WAS NO MATCH FOR THE GERMANS
Michael Preisler, a Polish Catholic survivor:
"The Germans created a new kind of war for Poland. Instead of army fighting army, the Germans started killing innocent civilians the moment they arrived."

44. Military Comparison:
Germany vs. Poland (1939)
MILITARY UNIT
GERMANY
POLAND
INFANTRY
DIVISIONS 46 38
MOTORIZED
50,000 MOTORIZED MEN
11,000 CALVALRY
(HORSE MOUNTED MEN)
TANK 7
NONE
TANKS
3200
600
BOMBERS
1176
146
FIGHTERS
771
315
OTHER PLANES
1337
381
SEPTEMBER 1, 1939: HITLER INVADES POLAND:
ON CHART: INFANTRY ARE SOLDIERS WHO MOVE PREDOMINATELY ON FOOT. EACH INFANTRY DIVISION HAD FROM 8 TO 16,000 SOLDIERS.
MOTORIZED DIVISIONS MOVED USING TRUCKS AND HALF TRACKED VEHICLES, THEY ARE MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE THAN INFANTRY DIVISIONS.
TANK DIVISIONS ARE MADE UP OF TANKS AND MOTORIZED INFANTRY. THEY ARE THE MOST POWERFUL UNITS IN ANY ARMY.
ASK THE STUDENTS, BASED ON THE CHART, WHO WILL WIN THE WAR BETWEEN GERMANY AND POLAND AND WHY? ANSWER: GERMANY BECAUSE THEY HAVE A SUPERIOR MILITARY.

45. AXIS POWER:
JAPAN

46. DURING THE 1920s JAPAN BEGAN DEVELOPING A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT AND COOPERATING IN REDUCING TENSIONS IN ASIA. GROUPS IN JAPAN OPPOSED THESE POLICIES, AND THE PROBLEMS GENERATED BY THE GREAT DEPRESSION BROUGHT THOSE GROUPS TO POWER IN THE 1930s.

47. MILITARISTS TAKE OVER JAPANESE GOVERNMENT
JAPANESE MILITARISTS: WANTED TO RETURN THE EMPEROR TO POWER, DISLIKED DEMOCRACY, WANTED JAPAN TO REMOVE EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWERS AND RULE ASIA THEMSELVES. THEY WERE SUPPORTED BY MANY JAPANESE BUSINESS LEADERS. THEY HAD NO ONE LEADER LIKE HITLER OR MUSSOLINI.
MILITARISTS: THOSE WHO BELIEVE A STRONG MILITARY (ARMY, NAVY, AIR FORCE) IS THE MOST IMPORTANT GOAL FOR A NATION. ALL SOCIETY SHOULD BE GEARED TO CREATING A STRONG MILITARY WHICH SHOULD RUN THE GOVERNMENT AND USE FORCE TO ACHIEVE ITS GOALS

48. JAPAN’S VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES PUT JAPAN ON A COLLISION COURSE WITH THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1930s.

49. JAPANESE TROOPS INVADING MANCHURIA, 1931
MANCHURIA 1931: JAPANESE MILITARY OFFICERS BEGAN ACTING WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE ELECTED GOVERNMENT. THEY INVADED THE MINERAL RICH CHINESE PROVINCE OF MANCHURIA AND TURNED IT INTO A PUPPET STATE
PUPPET STATE: A COUNTRY, LIKE MANCHURIA IN THE 1930s, THAT IS FORMALLY INDEPENDENT BUT IS REALLY RULED BY ANOTHER COUNTRY (JAPAN ACTUALLY RULED MANCHURIA).
IN 1937 JAPANESE ARMIES INVADED CHINA, BEGINNING A STRUGGLE THAT ENDED ONLY WHEN JAPAN WAS DEFEATED BY THE UNITED STATES IN 1945.
HITLER CLOSELY WATCHED THE WORLD’S LACK OF RESPONSE TO JAPAN’S INVASION

50. LEAGUE OF NATIONS (DOING NOTHING)
Japan this, Japan that… blah blah, blah.
I wonder what’s for lunch today…
LEAGUE OF NATIONS: THEY CONDEMNED THE JAPANESE TAKEOVER OF MANCHURIA. JAPAN RESPONDED BY QUITTING THE LEAGUE. NOTHING ELSE WAS DONE, SO JAPAN AND HITLER LEARNED THAT THEY COULD CONQUER OTHER LANDS WITHOUT ANY CONSEQUENCES FROM THE LEAGUE.

51. DOING AS ITALY, JAPAN AND
WHAT WAS THE USA
DOING AS ITALY, JAPAN AND
GERMANY EXPANDED?
FDR’S 3RD TERM ELECTION
LEND-LEASE
ATLANTIC CHARTER
U-BOATS: SUBMARINE WARFARE
ISOLATIONISM VS. INTERVENTIONISM
AMERICA ATTACKED
DISCUSS WHY THE UNITED STATES WAS NOT ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN SUPPORTING THE DEMOCRACIES AGAINST ITALY AND GERMANY?

52. ASK THE STUDENTS WHAT COUNTRY IS MISSING (FRANCE) FROM THIS 1940 HERBLOCK POLITICAL CARTOON. THIS CARTOON REPRESENTS THE NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE AGGRESSORS UP TO JUNE 1940.

53. America’s View?
Why look for trouble elsewhere… we have plenty AT HOME (Depression Economy)
ISOLATIONISM: MAJORITY OF AMERICANS WANTED TO STAY OUT OF THE WAR. THIS WAS A CONTINUATION OF THE U.S. ISOLATIONISM TRADITION WHICH PREVENTED THE U.S. FROM HELPING THE WESTERN DEMOCRACIES IN THEIR STRUGGLE AGAINST HITLER.
NEUTRAL: WHAT THE MAJORITY OF AMERICAN PEOPLE WANTED TO MAINTAIN AT THE START OF WW II. MEANS NOT JOINING EITHER SIDE, STAYING OUT OF THE FIGHTING.
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1935, 1936, 1937: LAWS PASSED BY CONGRESS THAT WOULD NOT ALLOW FDR TO SELL WEAPONS TO HELP THE UK FIGHT OFF HITLER. THESE LAWS “GUARANTEED” THAT THE U.S. WOULD STAY OUT OF THE WAR.
BELLIGERENTS: NATIONS THAT ARE FIGHTING EACH OTHER IN A WAR

54. NYE COMMITTEE
NYE COMMITTEE: SENATOR NYE FROM NORTH DAKOTA (CENTER) FORMED A COMMITTEE IN 1936 TO INVESTIGATE THE ACTIONS OF BANKERS AND MUNITIONS (WEAPONS) MAKERS FROM THE NYE REPORT CONVINCED MILLIONS OF CITIZENS THAT THE BANKERS WHO HAD LENT MONEY TO THE EUROPEAN ALLIES HAD BEEN "MERCHANTS OF DEATH" AND HAD TRICKED THE COUNTRY INTO WAR BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO MAKE A PROFIT AT ANY COST.
(NOTE TO TEACHER: FOURTH REASON FOR ISOLATIONISM WILL BE FOUND LATER IN THE PRESENTATION.)

55. STALIN, RUTHLESS DICTATOR OF THE USSR: 1923-1953
STALIN MURDERED MILLIONS OF HIS OWN PEOPLE INCLUDING THOSE WHO HELPED PUT HIM INTO POWER.
STALIN, RUTHLESS DICTATOR OF THE USSR:

56. 3RD TERM PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
1940 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: FDR WAS REELECTED WITH THE PROMISE THAT HE WOULD NOT SEND U.S. SOLDIERS TO FIGHT IN FOREIGN WARS. HE WAS THE FIRST AND ONLY PRESIDENT TO BE ELECTED THREE TIMES. AFTER FDR DIED CONGRESS PASSED AN AMENDMENT THAT LIMITED THE PRESIDENT TO TWO TERMS ONLY.
Close vote!

57. ONCE THE 1936 ELECTION WAS OVER, FDR LOOKED FOR WAYS TO SUPPLY THE ALLIES
DESTROYER DEAL: SEPT FDR TRADED 50 U.S. WW I DESTROYERS (SHIPS GEARED TO DESTROY SUBMARINES) FOR BRITISH BASES IN CANADA AND THE CARIBBEAN
LEND LEASE ACT: MARCH 1941, ALLOWED THE PRESIDENT TO SELL, LEND OR LEASE WAR MATERIALS TO ANY NATION WHOSE DEFENSE WAS VITAL TO U.S. SECURITY. IN REALITY THE U.S. GAVE WEAPONS ONLY TO THE UK AND ABANDONED NEUTRALITY.

58. CHURCHILL AND FDR MEET:
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER

59. THE ATLANTIC CHARTER THE USA & ENGLAND SHARE GOALS
                                                                                                               
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Text of the Atlantic Charter
Text of the Atlantic Charter
The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill
The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill
                                                                                                                                                                                        
This is Churchill's edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter.
                                                                                                                                                                                        
This is Churchill's edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter.
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
THE USA & ENGLAND SHARE GOALS
USA & ENGLAND SEEK NO NEW TERRITORY;
Respect the right of all peoples to choose their OWN form of government;
Respect for all nation’s right to trade;
Freedom from fear and want; Freedom of the high seas without hindrance; Remove the danger of arms in the future.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill
ATLANTIC CHARTER: AUGUST 1941 AGREEMENT BETWEEN FDR AND CHURCHILL THAT SPELLED OUT THE HOPES FOR THE WORLD AFTER THE DEFEAT OF FASCISM

60. DEFENSE SPENDING INCREASED AS THE U. S
DEFENSE SPENDING INCREASED AS THE U.S. REALIZED IT MUST PREPARE FOR WAR
DEFENSES SPENDING INCREASE: MONEY SPENT ON PREPARING FOR WAR ROSE FROM $1.7 BILLION ($20 BILLION IN 1999 $’S) TO $6 BILLION ($66 BILLION) IN 1941

61. U BOATS; GERMAN WORD FOR SUBMARINE
U BOATS; GERMAN WORD FOR SUBMARINE. THE GERMANS WERE USING THEIR SUBS TO SINK BRITISH SHIPPING AND STARVE THE UK INTO SURRENDERING. THEY WERE SINKING HUNDREDS OF SHIPS AND THE BRITISH NAVY COULD NOT STOP THEM
NEUTRALITY PATROLS: FDR BEGAN HELPING BRITAIN FIGHT OFF THE U-BOAT THREAT. U.S. WARSHIPS BEGAN CONVOYING SHIPS TO PROTECT THEM FROM U-BOATS

62. WHY WAS SHIP CONSTRUCTION SO IMPORTANT IN WINNING THE WAR
WHY WAS SHIP CONSTRUCTION SO IMPORTANT IN WINNING THE WAR? WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENED BETWEEN 1942 AND 1943 THAT REVERSED THE PATTERN OF MORE SUNK THAN BUILT? ANSWER:IMPROVED ALLIED ANTI SUBMARINE TECHNOLOGY AND MORE ESCORT VESSELS ALLOWED THE CONVOYS TO ARRIVE WITH FEWER LOSSES. U BOATS; GERMAN WORD FOR SUBMARINE. THE GERMANS WERE USING THEIR SUBS TO SINK BRITISH SHIPPING AND STARVE THE UK INTO SURRENDERING. THEY WERE SINKING HUNDREDS OF SHIPS AND THE BRITISH NAVY COULD NOT STOP THEM
NEUTRALITY PATROLS: FDR BEGAN HELPING BRITAIN FIGHT OFF THE U-BOAT THREAT. U.S. WARSHIPS BEGAN CONVOYING SHIPS TO PROTECT THEM FROM U-BOATS
CHART SHOWING LOSS OF ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPS TO GERMAN SUBMARINES. ASK STUDENTS WHY THE NUMBER OF SINKINGS OF MERCHANT SHIPS WENT DOWN WHILE THE NUMBER OF U BOAT SINKINGS WENT UP. ANSWER: THE ALLIES DEVELOPED NEW TECHNIQUES AND WEAPONS TO SINK U BOATS.

63. THE ROBIN MOOR WAS CLEARLY MARKED AS MERCHANT VESSEL FROM THE USA
ROBIN MOOR: UNARMED U.S. MERCHANT SHIP THAT WAS SUNK BY GERMAN U-BOATS IN MAY OF HITLER CONSIDERED THE LEND LEASE ACT AS A DECLARATION THAT THE U.S. WAS SIDING WITH THE UK IN THE WAR.
THE ROBIN MOOR WAS CLEARLY MARKED AS MERCHANT VESSEL FROM THE USA

64. INCREASED CHANCES OF SURVIVING THE VOYAGE
CONVOYS GROUPED SHIPS WITH DEFENDERS;
INCREASED CHANCES OF SURVIVING THE VOYAGE
JULY 1941: FDR MADE THE DECISION FOR U.S. WAR SHIPS TO CONVOY MERCHANT SHIPS TO ICELAND. IT MEANT RISKING WAR WITH GERMANY.
CONVOY: SENDING WARSHIPS TO GUARD MERCHANT SHIPS PROTECTING THEM FROM BEING SUNK BY ENEMY SUBMARINES.

65. USS RUEBEN JAMES Rueben James song
RUEBEN JAMES: U.S. DESTROYER THAT WAS SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT WHILE CONVOYING MERCHANT SHIPS IN NOV OF SONG IS “RUBEN JAMES” BY JOHNNY HORTON.
Rueben James song

66. DR. SEUSS CARTOONS AGAINST U.S. NEUTRALITY
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939: FDR GOT CONGRESS TO ALLOW HIM TO SELL ARMS TO BELLIGERENTS BUT THEY COULD NOT BE SHIPPED IN AMERICAN SHIPS
“THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA” CARTOON SHOWS THAT THE NEUTRALITY ACTS ARE PREVENTING THE U.S. FROM GIVING AID THAT WILL HELP TO FIGHT AND WIN THE WAR.
“ADOLF AND THE WOLF” CARTOON SHOWS THE READER AS A MEMBER OF THE AMERICA FIRST GROUP WHO WANTED THE U.S. TO STAY OUT OF THE WAR BECAUSE IT WAS NONE OF OUR BUSINESS.
SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT: LAW THAT SET UP THE DRAFT. FIRST PEACETIME DRAFT IN U.S. HISTORY. AMERICANS BECAME AWARE THAT THEY MIGHT HAVE TO ENTER THE WAR AND WANTED TO PREPARE.

67. America First Committee -- Original Four Principles:
The United States must build an impregnable defense for America
No foreign power, nor group of powers, can successfully attack a prepared America
American democracy can be preserved only by keeping out of the European war
"Aid short of war" weakens national defense at
home and threatens to involve America in war abroad
“World War I had been fought to save the skins of American bankers who had bet too boldly on the outcome of the war and had two billions of dollars of loans to the Allies in jeopardy.”
Report of Sen. Gerald Nye’s Committee
CHARLES LINDBERGH : SPOKESMAN FOR AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE WHO DIDN’T CARE IF HITLER DEFEATED GREAT BRITAIN. HE HAD BEEN THE FIRST MAN TO FLY SOLO ACROSS THE ATLANTIC AND WAS A POPULAR HERO. HE PRAISED HITLER.

68. LINDBERGH VISITING GERMANY, GETTING A MEDAL FROM HERMAN GOERING (CAN BE SPELLED WITH OR WITHOUT THE “E”), SECOND MOST POWERFUL MAN IN NAZI GERMANY. LINDBERGH’S WIFE LOOKS ON ADORINGLY IN THE BACKGROUND.
GOERING LINDBERGH

69. EUROPE: 1941
ASK STUDENTS TO ANALYZE THE MAP. WHAT COUNTRY WILL BE HITLER’S NEXT TARGET? ANSWER: GREAT BRITAIN.

70. JAPAN CHOOSES WAR
JAPAN CONTINUES HER PATH OF CONQUERING LARGE PARTS OF ASIA DESPITE U.S. PROTESTS.

71. JAPAN’S WAR MINISTER, HIDEKI TOJO
HIDEKI TOJO: JAPAN’S WAR MINISTER WHO THOUGHT WAR BETWEEN THE U.S. AND JAPAN WAS INEVITABLE. HE WANTED JAPAN TO ATTACK FIRST BEFORE THE U.S. WAS MOBILIZED (PREPARED) FOR WAR. TOJO WAS HANGED AS A WAR CRIMINAL AFTER THE WAR.
TOJO BEFORE THE WAR

72. THE U.S. STOPPED OIL TO JAPAN.
JAPAN RECEIVED 80% OF ITS OIL FROM THE U.S.A.
THE JAPANESE WERE THREATENED.
OIL ENBARGO: U.S. STOPPED SELLING OIL TO JAPAN IN JULY OF JAPAN COULD NOT SURVIVE WITHOUT OIL. JAPAN’S CHOICES WERE EITHER TO DO WHAT THE U.S. WANTED OR CAPTURE OIL FIELDS IN THE DUTCH EAST INDIES. IF THEY CAPTURED THE OIL FIELDS THEN LATER IT WOULD MEAN WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES. THEY CHOSE WAR SOONER RATHER THAN LATER.
USING HORSE CARTS FOR DELIVERIES TO SAVE GAS
USING COAL TO FUEL CARS

73. JAPAN OCCUPIES FRENCH INDOCHINA
U.S. EMBARGO: IN SEPTEMBER 1940 FDR EMBARGOED (REFUSED TO SELL) STEEL AND IRON EXPORTS TO JAPAN TO GET THEM TO STOP TAKING OVER PARTS OF CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA. IT DID LITTLE GOOD.
FRENCH INDOCHINA: FORMER FRENCH COLONIES OF LAOS, CAMBODIA AND VIETNAM, [THIS IS INCORRECT—France still held these countries, although they were considered “protectorates,” not colonies. Cochin China in South Vietnam was a colony, to which the Vichy French govt gave the Japanese access in Again, from a third world perspective, there is irony in the way some countries’ colonial empires were accepted by the Allies while others were not.] JAPAN INVADED AND TOOK THEM OVER IN JULY OF 1941 ANGERING THE USA
RICH RESOURCES, INCLUDING OIL

74. PEARL HARBOR: ON DECEMBER 7, 1941 THE JAPANESE LAUNCHED A SNEAK ATTACK ON U.S. MILITARY FACILITIES IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. THE U.S. WAS CAUGHT UNPREPARED AND MUCH DAMAGE WAS DONE. SOUND IS THE ACTUAL CBS ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ATTACK. CLICK TO HEAR THE SOUND.

75. DECEMBER [CORRECT: 8,] 1941: THE U. S. DECLARED WAR ON JAPAN
DECEMBER [CORRECT: 8,] 1941: THE U.S. DECLARED WAR ON JAPAN. SLIDE AND SOUND…FDR DECLARING WAR ON JAPAN.

76. DECEMBER 11, 1941: GERMANY AND ITALY DECLARED WAR ON THE U. S
DECEMBER 11, 1941: GERMANY AND ITALY DECLARED WAR ON THE U.S. THIS INVOLVED THE U.S. IN THE WAR IN EUROPE AND THE PACIFIC.