1. Chapters 12 & 13
Inner and East Asia,

2. “Vogue” China (4.25)

4. I. The Early Tang Empire, 618-755
A. Chinese reunification occurred under Sui dynasty
Lasted 34 years, collapsed in 615
Strongly influenced Tang dynasty
B. Tang Origins
Began with Li Shimin, took the name Tang
Avoided overcentralization in govt.; allowed local nobles, gentry, officials, and religious establishments to exercise significant power
Tang emperors and nobility descended from Turkic elites and Chinese settlers in northern China.
Continued Confucian exams for government workers
Sculptures indicate importance of Silk Road
Combined Chinese weapons with Inner Asian expertise in horsemanship and stirrups

5. C. Buddhism and the Tang Empire
Tang rulers followed Inner Asian precedents in political use of Buddhism
Accorded kings the spiritual function of wielding humankind into a harmonious Buddhist society
Mahayana (“Great Vehicle”) Buddhism predominated
Faith in enlightened beings (bodhisattvas): postponed nirvana to help achieve enlightenment
Translated Buddhist scripture into local languages, accepted religious practices not based on written texts
Mahayana views adaptable to different societies and classes

6. Tang princes recruited Buddhist monks to pray for them, support them, and donate money to them; monasteries received tax exemptions, land privileges, and gifts
Chang’an (capital city) became center of continent; all Asians regularly visited
Cosmopolitan because of its cultural diversity

7. D. To Chang’an by Land and Sea
Well-maintained roads and water transport connected Chang’an to coastal cities
Grand Canal (built during Sui) linked Yellow River and Yangzi: key component of transportation network
Chang’an the center of tributary system: independent countries acknowledged Chinese emperor’s supremacy, embassies sent to pay tribute
Population=1 million, most lived outside of city
Foreigners had special living accommodations
Main parts of city: restaurants, inns, temples, mosques, street stalls

9. Curfew at 8-10:00, commoners returned to their neighborhoods which were enclosed and guarded, locked until morning to control crime
Grand Canal commanded special importance, contributed to economic and cultural development of eastern China
Consolidated Chinese control of southern coastal region, increased access to Indian Ocean, facilitated spread of Islam and Judaism
Excelled in compass design and shipbuilding; ships carried twice as much as Mediterranean ships
“plague of Justinian” (bubonic plague) brought through sea route linking Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Canton

10. E. Trade and Cultural Exchange
Influences from Central Asia and Islamic world
Ceramics, painting, silk design
Switch from robes to pants (horse-riding)
Cotton replaced hemp in clothes
Tang promoted playing polo, especially for noblewomen
China exported a lot of goods, imported precious metals
China became the sole supplier of porcelain to West Asia.
Cities became increasingly commercialized.

12. II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600-907
A. The Uighur (wee-ger) and Tibetan Empires
Large rival states in Inner Asia
Uighurs: Turkic people centered on Tarim River Basin (central Asia), took much of Inner Asia
Vital link on the Silk Road
Literate culture with strong ties to Islamic world and China
Excelled as merchants and scribes, able to work in several languages
Enthusiasm for Buddhism, religious art from India
Unified power collapsed after 50 years

13. Tibetan Empire: stretched from northeastern India, southwestern China, and Tarim Basin
Variety of cultural influences, especially from India (Buddhism, alphabet), China, Islam, Greek medicine
Tang princess married Tibetan king; Tibet sent students and ambassadors to Tang imperial capital
Excelled at war
Rivals with China by late 600s
Buddhist monastic domination isolated Tibet through modern times

14. B. Upheavals and Repression, 750-879
Tang elites saw Buddhism as undermining the Confucian ideal of the family as the model for the state
Buddhism also attacked for encouraging women in politics (Wu Zhao seized control of govt. in 690 and declared herself empress)
Confucian elites attacked women for all kinds of things.
Traditional Chinese historians often describe unorthodox rulers and powerful women as evil.

15. Buddhism blamed for hurting values of hierarchy and social harmony.
By 840, Tang government started destroying Buddhist monasteries
Buddhist monasteries did not have to pay taxes; by 9th century land and thousands of workers returned to tax rolls
Buddhism never recovered its social, political, and cultural influence of early Tang times

16. C. The End of the Tang Empire, 879-907
Expensive military campaigns and complex tax collection system
755: Tang general An Lushan led 200,000 soldiers in rebellion against the emperor, lasted 8 years
Political disintegration, elite’s sense of cultural decay created unsettled environment that encouraged aspiring dictators
Local warlords finally wiped out rebels
Tang emperors never regained effective power after Huang Chao’s uprising in 879.

17. III. The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200
A. Three new states emerged and competed to inherit Tang’s legacy.
Liao Empire: Khitan people, pastoral nomads living on northeastern frontier, Mahayana Buddhism
Minyak people: western China, “Tangguts,” Tibetan Buddhism
Song Empire: began in 960 in central China, Confucianism
B. The Liao and Jin Challenge
From Siberia to central Asia
Pastoral traditions, military might, no single elite culture
Encouraged diverse local beliefs and practices
Forced Song to give enormous annual payments in cash and silk to Liao, continued for a century
Jurchens of northeastern Asia destroyed Liao capital in Mongolia in 1125
Jurchens called new empire the Jin, turned against Song
Captured central and northern China, Song pushed south of Yellow River

19. C. Song Industries
“Southern Song” ( ), premodern state, came closest to initiating an industrial revolution
Advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics derived from Tang times
Measurement and observation, fractions to describe phases on the moon
Developed precise calendar, contributions to timekeeping and compass, 80-foot clock

20. Large army, but still threatened by Liao and Jin
China’s main oceangoing ship (junk): stern-mounted rudder, watertight bulkheads
Large army, but still threatened by Liao and Jin
Government controlled coal mining and iron production
Skilled at high-temperature metallurgy: steel weapons, mass-produced body armor, iron construction
Use of gunpowder: began with flaming arrows, explosive shells

21. D. Economy and Society in Song China
Civil pursuits encouraged over military careers
Private academies to train young men in Confucianism for exams (neo-Confucianism)
Zhu Xi: important neo-Confucian, human nature is good, individual moral and social responsibility
Buddhism still existed (Chan Buddhism best known, called Zen in Japan).
Confucian exam system recruited most talented men from all classes; class distinctions meant less, but wealthy still succeeded more often
Passing the test brought great prospects, failing meant family ruin

22. Improved printing techniques meant cheaper and more printing
Mass production of test prep. books to educate young men
Landlords learned more about farming
New farming techniques led to southern migration (wet rice).
During the 1100s, Chinese population rose above 100 million
More people in the cities, urban problems

23. Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song
Above is a picture of Suzhou in Jiangsu province showing houses along the Grand Canal.
From north to south, the Grand Canal is over 1,700 kilometers (roughly 1,100 miles) long,
linking Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing in the north. An extremely important
water project that was first started in the Sui dynasty ( ), it connects several big rivers
and provides an important means of transportation and communication.
With the two pictures below in mind, how do you think the access to rivers and lakes would
have made the lifestyle of people in the south different from that of people in the north?

24. Paper money lost value, move back to tax farming
Credit system for long-distance trade (“flying money”); government-issued paper money
Paper money lost value, move back to tax farming
Rapid economic growth broke government monopolies.
Women entered a long period of social subordination. Could manage husband’s property in his absence, but could not own property herself
Girls educated just enough to read basic Confucian philosophy
Footbinding became a status symbol.

25. Foot-Binding in Tang China
Broken toes by 3 years of age
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.
Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

26. Foot-Binding in Tang China
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.
Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

27. Foot-Binding in Tang China
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.
For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

28. The Results of Foot-Binding
The Han Synthesis term refers to the emphasis on Legalism, but with a touch of Confucianism. The Han dynasty recorded Confucius’s teachings (The Analects) and put a big emphasis on the family.
Founded the Imperial University
Required examinations to become bureaucrat (civil service system)
Soldiers dropped to lowest status.
Confucianists at work; Daoists at home.
The Han tried to replace literature, including Confucius’s writings, lost during the Qin Dynasty. Created new works of literature and music. Scroll painting began during this time. Iron was now used for plows and weapons. Acupuncture was invented. Invented a crude seismic sensing tool, so they could send troops and food to the scene of an earthquake!
Inventions include: paper (105 CE), sternpost rudder on ships, water mill, wheelbarrow, furrowed cultivation
Show map for Silk Road trade. It brought Chinese together into one civilization, creating a common culture. Economically, it brought much wealth to the Han, as they exported much more than they imported.
Wudi’s public schools taught Confucianism. Grand School in capital. In 100 years, 30,000 studied there.

29. IV. New Kingdoms in East Asia (Ch. 13)
A. Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
Depended on agriculture
Cultivation of rice fit with Confucian tradition
Political ideologies varied, Buddhism and Confucianism still compatible
Government offices went to noble families.
Chinese characters influenced local writing systems.
Women not always as restricted in these societies as in China

30. B. Korea C. Japan Less than 20% of the land suitable for farming
Silla kingdom took control of much of peninsula until fall of Tang
Koryo united peninsula in early 900s
Supported Buddhism
Woodblock printing shows Chinese exchange
C. Japan
Four main islands and many smaller ones
100 miles away from Asian mainland
Only 11% of land suitable for farming
Earliest history comes from Chinese records (same as Korea)

31. Cities without walls, not plagued by constant warfare
Chinese influences: legal code, Confucianism, Buddhism, building techniques
Cities without walls, not plagued by constant warfare
Emperors came from same family since forever, wielded little political control
Heian period: , set in Kyoto, Fujiwara family controlled power and protected emperor
Entrusted local government to their warriors
Fujiwara noblewomen lived in near isolation, communicated through writing, The Tale of Genji
Military values became more important; shogunate: decentralized military government; new class called samurai

32. Full Samurai Attire

33. Samurai Sword

34. Medieval Warriors
vs.
Knight’s Armor
Samurai Armor

35. D. Vietnam Coastal regions of Southeast Asia
Economic and political life centered on Red River and Mekong River
Rice-based agriculture
Elites adopted Confucian training, Mahayana Buddhism, other aspects of Chinese culture
Annam became Dai Vet in the north, Champa in the south

36. V. Conclusion Reunification of China under Sui and Tang
Connections across Inner Asia and Tibet facilitated flow of cultural and economic influences in China
Diversity produced great wealth and new ideas, led neighboring peoples to imitate Chinese practices
Post-Tang fragmentation reduced degree of Chinese domination in East Asia
Song period prosperous but threatened by constant military challenges from the north
Technology and literacy improved