1. Welcome to AP Chemistry
Pick up the handouts on the front desk
Find your seat
Using your laptop or phone, please fill out the google form here: bit.ly/2ikosP1
When done, introduce yourself to the person next to you
Today:
Syllabus and Safety Overview
Chemistry Fundamentals Review

2. Important Dates Return Safety Contract ASAP
Quiz TOMORROW: Elements and Ions
Unit 0 Packet due Fri 9/15

3. Syllabus Overview

4. Syllabus Overview

5. Syllabus Overview

6. Safety Contracts
Return (signed by you and a parent) by Tues 8/29

7. Is AP Chem really that hard?
Yes.
I will do my best to organize the information in a meaningful way for you all and for you guys to practice problems as much as possible in class
Even so, this will require you to spend some time outside of class to really try to digest and understand the content.
Note: more difficult content = we get to look at some more cool stuff/reactions as well.

8. Unit 0 Packet
All multiple choice questions covering essential content from Chem 1
Due 9/15
If you need help on these questions, arrange to come see me before school or during MM.

9. Common Elements and Ions: You have a quiz on this tomorrow!

10. Units and Sig Figs
Yes, they’re silly and annoying, but there are FRQs where you get a point just for having the correct units and sig figs so let’s try to get those easy points, k?

11. Common Units: know the symbols! Know what each is used for!
Measurement
meter m
 length/distance
gram g
 mass
grams/milliliter
grams/centimeter3
g/mL
g/cm3 
 density
moles
mol 
 amount (of a chemical)
Molarity M
 concentration
Kelvin  K
 temperature
second  s
 time
Joule  J
 energy
Hertz (or sec-1 or 1/sec)
 Hz (s-1, 1/s)
 frequency
kilopascals,
atmospheres,
millimeters of Mercury
 kPa,
atm,
mm Hg 
 pressure

12. Measurement: When using tools with graduated “tick marks”, you should estimate one decimal place beyond the value of the smallest tick mark!
0.7 cm
Each tick mark represents 1 cm
 round to nearest 0.1 cm

13. Each tick mark represents 0.1 cm
 round to nearest 0.01 cm

14. Reading Graduated Cylinders:
Liquids form a curved surface when in graduated cylinders. As a standard, you should read the liquid level from the bottom of the meniscus

15. The Concept of Error
With each measurement, there is a degree of uncertainty/estimation beyond the markings
The last digit in a measurement is called the uncertain digit
Significant figures include all measured digits + the uncertain digit
The more significant figures, the more precise the measurement

16. Rules for Counting Significant Figures
Non-zero digits ALWAYS count as significant figures
Ex: 2371
Zeroes between non-zero digits (“sandwiched zeroes) are ALWAYS significant
Ex: 105
all non-zero numbers are significant
4 sig figs
3 sig figs
all non-zero numbers are significant
Sandwiched zeroes are significant

17. Rules for Counting Significant Figures
Zeroes to the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant
Ex:
2 sig figs
All nonzero numbers are significant
Zeroes to the left of “3” (the first nonzero digit) are placeholders, not significant
(this is true every time so I’m going to stop writing it)

18. Rules for Counting Significant Figures
Zeroes to the right of the last non-zero digit are only significant if there is a decimal point present.
Ex 1: 1.080
Ex 2: 100,000
4 sig figs
Sandwiched zeroes are significant
Zeroes at the end are significant since decimal point is present
1 sig fig
There’s no decimal point, so zeroes at the end are just placeholders and not significant

19. Shortcut: Pacific-Atlantic Rule
Decimal point Present, start counting on the left (Pacific) side with the first non-zero digit
Decimal point Absent, start counting on the right (Atlantic) side with the first non-zero digit

20. 3 2 5 1 4

21. Calculations with Significant Figures
When adding and subtracting, round the final answer to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

22. Calculations with Significant Figures
When multiplying and dividing, round the final answer to the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures.

23. Calculations with Significant Figures
When performing calculations with multiple steps, carry as many numbers as possible throughout the calculations and only round off the final answer. Round the final answer off based on the last calculation performed.

24. 14.9
180.3
0.619
1246
0.220

25. Dimensional Analysis Used to convert from one unit to another.
Involves setting up conversion factors to cancel units until you have the proper unit in the proper place.
When solving, multiply all the values across the top and divide by all the numbers on the bottom.
Round off the final answer (do not round in between steps) to the proper number of significant figures.
*Note: exact values used in conversion factors (i.e. 1 m = 100 cm) do not limit the number of significant figures in a calculation (it’s a known value, there’s no measurement error associated with it).

26. Converting between metric units.
Prefixes can be placed in front of the base unit to indicate a larger or smaller quantity; based on powers of 10.
Prefixes at the top of the chart represent a larger amount or quantity.
Prefixes at the bottom of the chart represent a smaller amount or quantity.  
x1000
x10
x10
x10
x10
x10
x10
x1000
x1000

27. 65,000 g
0.125 L
7.34 x 10-7 m

28. 3.2 piles
0.018 kilobytes
2.0 x 102 nibbles
1600 mL
0.075 kg