1. Chapter 2
Data Analysis

2. Section 2.1
Units of Measure

3. SI Units Le Système Internationale d’Unités (SI)
Based mostly on the French metric system
SI Units can be base units or derived units

4. Base Units
A defined unit that is based on an object or event in the physical world.
Independent of other units
-Time – the SI base unit is the second (s)
-Length – the SI base unit is the meter (m)
-Mass – the SI base unit is the kilogram (kg)

5. Derived Units A unit that is defined by a combination of base units
Dependent on other units
Volume – can be measure in cm3, dm3, or Liters (L)
Density – measured in g/mL, or g/cm3

6. SI Unit Prefixes
Prefixes are sometimes added to make lengths more appropriate for measuring

7. Practice How many millimeters are in one meter?
How many meters are in one megameter?
How many millimeters are in one megameter?
How many meters are in one centimeter?
How many kilometers are in one meter?
How many kilometers are in one centimeter?

8. Density Density is the ratio of mass to volume of an object.
The density of a specific substance does not change
A less dense substance will float on a more dense substance.

9. Density Density is calculated using the equation
Density (ρ) = mass/volume

10. Practice Density
You have a rock with a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 45 g. What is its density?
A rectangular block of copper metal weighs g. The dimensions of the block are 8.4 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.6 cm. From this data, what is the density of copper?
28.5 g of iron shot is added to a graduated cylinder containing mL of water. The water level rises to the mL mark, From this information, calculate the density of iron.
If g of a liquid occupy a space of 35.0 ml, what is the density of the liquid in g/cm3?
How many cm3 would a g sample of copper occupy if it has a density of 8.92 g/cm3?
What is the mass of the alcohol that exactly fills a mL container? The density of alcohol is g/mL.
Find the mass of mL of benzene. The density of benzene is g/mL.

11. Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis
Section 2.2
Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

12. Scientific Notation
Expresses numbers as a multiple of two factors: a number between 1 and 10 (the coefficient); and ten raised to a power
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Easier to write as 6.02x1023
Used to make very “bulky” numbers easier to write
kg is easier written as x10-27

13. Practice Convert these numbers into scientific notation
700m ) 4,500,000m ) kg kg
Convert these numbers into decimal form
1.56x ) 6.7x ) X10-2
4) 9.64X10-11

14. Dimensional Analysis
Used to convert from one unit to an equivalent value of another unit
For example: If I have 2.5 dozen eggs, how many eggs do I have?
We need a conversion factor to convert from dozens of eggs to single eggs.
1 dozen = 12 units or 12 units = 1 dozen.
Conversion factors set up equivalent values of different units. They can also be written like so: or

15. When you convert from one unit to another
Determine what you are given to start with
Determine a conversion factor from our starting units to another unit
Determine how the conversion factor should be set up (what goes on top, what goes on bottom)
Carry out the operation
If the units we have after the conversion are not our ending units, repeat steps 2-5 until we arrive at our intended units

16. Practice
On page 34 and 35, do numbers, for some light practice.

17. How reliable are measurements?
Section 2.3
How reliable are measurements?

18. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy is how close a measurement is to its standard value
Precision is how close a series of measurements are to each other
One can be accurate, but not precise; precise but not accurate; both; or neither
Think of a dartboard

20. Percent Error
Scientists must often determine the precision and accuracy of their experiments.
Imprecise or inaccurate data can mean the difference between a success and a failure
Scientists use a calculation called percent error to evaluate the accuracy of their data
Percent error is the ratio of an error (the difference between their actual results and their expected results) and the expected value

21. Percent Error
Percent error is calculated through the following equation:

22. Practice
On page 38, do problems 29 and 30

23. Significant Figures
Significant figures are a way for scientists to indicate the precision of their measurements
3.52 is a more precise measurement than 3.5
Sig figs include all known digits plus one estimated one

24. If we look at this graduated cylinder measurement, we know for a fact that this is measurement is between 30.3mL and 30.4mL, so to indicate this we estimate where between 30.3mL and 30.4mL to show the precision of our answer. We might estimate that this value is 30.32mL. The last two is our ESTIMATED digit, indicating that we are certain of everything before that

25. The Atlantic-Pacific Rule for Sig Figs
The easy way to remember sig fig rules is to remember the Atlantic-Pacific rule Atlantic rule – if the decimal is absent, go to the Atlantic side of the number (the right side) and move left until the first non-zero digit. That digit and all digits to its left are significant 7600 has 2 s.f has 5 s.f. Pacific rule – if the decimal is present, go to the Pacific side of the number (the left side) and move right until you reach the first non-zero digit. That digit and all digits to its right are significant has 2 s.f. 1.2 has 2 s.f.

27. Adding and Subtracting with Sig Figs
When adding or subtracting with sig figs, the solution should carry the same number of decimal points to the right of the decimal as the value with the fewest number of decimal places

28. Multiplying and Dividing with Sig Figs
When multiplying and dividing with sig figs, the solution should have the same number of sig figs as the value with the least number of sig figs.

29. Sig Figs and Scientific Notation
All digits of the coefficient of a number written in scientific notation are always significant.
6.02x1023 has 3 sig figs
1.0x101 has 2 sig figs

30. Practice
Determine the number of sig figs in each of the following numbers
12000
12000.
1.2830

31. Practice Determine the answer with the correct number of sig figs
1563/412.56
5.3*

32. Interpreting Graphs

33. Interpreting Graphs

34. Interpreting Graphs