1. Both Neither Either All Every Each

2. BOTH /bəʊθ/
Both = the two; that one AND the other one; this one AND that one
Both can be used as a pronoun to refer to two things that we have already mentioned.
A: Do you want the blue shirt or the red one? B: I’ll buy both (= the blue shirt AND the red shirt = both shirts)

3. Both X and Y = not only X but also Y
Both + Adjective + and + Adjective
He’s both tall and handsome.
I’m both happy and confused at the same time!
Both can be used with a singular noun + and + singular noun
She speaks both English and Arabic.
They have both a cat and a dog.
He is both an actor and a director.

4. Both or Both of?
Both or Both of can be used without a difference in meaning though Both of is more common in the United States.
Both (of) + determiner + plural noun
Both (of) my friends arrived late to class.
Both of the wheels wobble too much.
A prize was given to both of the players.
When we use Both (without of), we drop  the.
Both of the parents were nervous.
Both parents were nervous.

5. Both of + Object Pronoun
When using Both with an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us them), we need the preposition OF before that pronoun.
He has invited both us. (incorrect)
He has invited both of us.
I’ll take both of them.
I need to speak to both of you.
Verb + Object pronoun + both
I hope they invite us both (= I hope they invite both of us)
Do you need them both? (= Do you need both of them)
The teacher sent them both to the principal’s office.

6. To be + both Modal verb + both + verb
He is both intelligent and agile.
My sister and I are both ready for the trip.
We were both happy with our exam results.
Modal verb + both + verb
My parents can both speak French.
They should both try harder.
My brothers would both be shocked if they knew the truth.

7. Both + other verbs
Both goes before the other verbs. If there is an accompanying auxiliary verb, then it goes in the middle of the two verbs (i.e. auxiliary + both + verb)
We both wanted to stay in bed and not go to work.
They both liked the surprise.
My parents both work in the same building.
They have both studied a lot.

8. Both - Negative
We don’t use both in negative structures. Instead, we normally use Neither.
We don’t say: Both of them are not ready (incorrect)
We say: Neither of them are ready (correct)

9. NEITHER
not one and not the other Neither is a negative word and is accompanied by an affirmative singular verb.
Neither X nor Y
Neither … nor … is used as a conjunction. It is the opposite of “Both … and …”
If a verb comes after this phrase, that verb is in the singular form
Neither John nor Fred likes doing the dishes.
I want neither the red shirt nor the blue shirt.
I neither smoke nor drink.
Neither Brian nor his wife mentioned anything about moving house.(Brian didn’t mention that they were moving house and his wife didn’t mention that they were moving house.)

10. Neither + singular noun
Neither team wanted to lose.
That tennis game was very close. Neither player had a clear advantage.
Neither parent knew about the accident.
Neither of + determiner + plural noun
Neither of my friends came to class today.
Neither of the parents understood what the baby was trying to say.
Neither of our cars has enough petrol so we have to take the bus.

11. Neither in short responses
Neither of + Pronoun
When using Neither + of + pronoun (you, us, them), we need the preposition OF before that pronoun. (If a verb comes after this phrase then it is in singular form)
The present is for neither of us.
Neither of them is married.
Neither of us expected to be fired.
Neither in short responses
Neither is frequently used as part of a short response when someone says something negative and you agree with them.
A: I have never been to Switzerland
B: Neither have I.
A: I don’t want to go.
B: Neither do I.

12. Neither can also be used alone.
A: Would you like a blue tie or a green tie?
B: Neither. (= Neither tie)
He hadn’t done any homework, neither had he brought any of his books to class.
We didn’t get to see the castle, nor did we see the cathedral.

13. Neither: typical errors
We use neither, not none, when we are talking about two people or things:
Books and television are different. Neither of them should replace the other.
Not: None of them …
We don’t normally use both (of) + not to make a negative statement about two people or things:
Neither of these shirts is/are dry yet.
Not: Both of these shirts aren’t dry yet.
Take care to spell neither correctly: not ‘niether’ or ‘neighter’.

14. Neither vs. Either
You can use Either with a negative verb to replace Neither with a positive verb
I have neither time nor money
I don’t have either time or money

15. EITHER
any one of the two = this one or the other one Either is accompanied by an affirmative singular verb and is mostly used in questions or negative sentences
Either X or Y
Either … or … is used as a conjunction. It is used to express alternatives and or a choice between two (and sometimes more) things. It is used a verb in singular form
Either you or John has to finish the report before 5pm.
You can have either the red shirt or the blue shirt. (= but not both)
Either you leave the building now or I call the security guards.

16. Either of + determiner + plural noun
Either + singular noun
Either is used as a determiner before a single noun.
There are only two options and I’m not interested in either film.
A: Do you want it ready for Thursday or Friday? B: Either day is fine for me.
Either of + determiner + plural noun
You can use Either of before a determiner (my, his, these, the etc.) and a plural noun.
We’ve been dating for 6 months and I haven’t met either of her parents.
I haven’t read either of these books.
I don’t want either of those apples. Do you have one that is not rotten?

17. Either + of + Pronoun
When using Either + of + object pronoun (you, us, them), we need the preposition OF before that pronoun.
I don’t think he is going to invite either of us.
A: Which photo do you prefer? B: I don’t like either of them
I think I left my keys and wallet at the office. I don’t want to lose either of them.
Either can also be used alone. It means it doesn’t matter which alternative. Sometimes it is accompanied by the pronoun “one”.
A: Would you like a coffee or a tea?
B: Either (one). (= I don’t mind if it’s coffee or tea, both alternatives are fine)

18. Either in short responses
Either can be used at the end of a negative sentence when you agree with something negative someone else has said. It is similar to meaning TOO and ALSO (which are used in affirmative sentences).
A: I wasn’t thirsty. B: I wasn’t either. (You cannot say “I wasn’t too”)
A: I’ve never been to Portugal. B: I haven’t either.
A: I didn’t go to class yesterday. B: I didn’t either

19. Not … either
We can use not … either to mean ‘also not’, but we do not change the word order of the auxiliary or modal verb and subject:
A: I haven’t ever tasted caviar.
B: I haven’t either. (or Neither have I./Nor have I.)
A: I didn’t see Lesley at the concert.
B: I didn’t either. (or Neither did I./Nor did I.)
In informal speaking, we often say me neither:
A: I can’t smell anything.
B: Me neither. (or I can’t either.)

20. Pronunciation of Either and Neither
You will hear the word Either pronounced two different ways:
/ˈaɪðər/ – British English
/ˈiːðər/ – American English
Both forms of pronunciation are correct and supposedly one is British English and the other American English. However within each country you may hear both forms used.
The same happens with the pronunciation of the word Neither:
/ˈnaɪðər/ – British English
/ˈniːðər/ – American English

21. All means the total number of people or things considered as a group.
Every means all members of a group considered individually.
Each means all members of a group considered individually though we think of them more one by one.

22. Each and Every
Both Each and Every generally have the same meaning. They refer to all members of a group considered individually. Every is closer in meaning to All than Each is.
Every book in the course must be read before the end of the semester.
Each book in the course must be read before the end of the semester. (= This book and that book and that book etc. of the group of books)
We use each when we think of them more as one by one. There is a little less emphasis on the individual with Every when comparing it to Each.
However notice that every cannot be used when referring to two things and is not common with small numbers.
Every (one) of my parents (incorrect)
Each of my parents
We cannot use Each with the words Almost or Nearly. Here we use Every.
Almost each car pollutes the atmosphere. (incorrect)
Almost every car pollutes the atmosphere. (correct)

23. Every + number + plural noun
Every refers to all members of a group though considered individually. It can be used to talk about three or more people/things.
Every + singular noun
I have visited every country in South America (we do NOT say: every countries)
I can understand every word our teacher says. (we do NOT say: every words)
Note, when you use every + noun as a subject, it uses a singular verb (verb + s)
Every day is a chance to learn something new.
Every child needs love and care.
Every house on the street looks the same.
Every + number + plural noun
Every can be followed by a plural noun when there is a number before that noun. This is common with periods of time or things at regular intervals.
He gets his head shaved every three weeks.
You need to take a break every two hours.
We can also use every without a number and a singular noun to refer to regular intervals:
He plays football every Saturday.
She goes to the gym every day.

24. Each + singular countable noun
Each refers to all members of a group though we think of them more one by one (individually). Each can be used to talk about two or more people/things.
Each + singular countable noun
Make sure you enjoy each moment in your life.
They play the national anthem of each country before the game begins.
Live each day as if it were your last.

25. Each of + determiner + plural noun
Each + one
One can be used to replace the singular countable noun if it has already been mentioned.
A: What do I have to do with these antique vases?
B: You need to take each one out of the box very carefully. (each one = each vase)
Each of + determiner + plural noun
Each can be followed by a determiner (my, his, the, etc.) and a plural noun.
I kiss each of my children before they go to bed at night.
The teacher had a little kid holding on to each of her hands.
Each of the guides has a different group to show around the museum.
Notice how after each of the verb is usually in singular form though when speaking informally, you will sometimes hear a plural verb used.
Each of my students has a different assignment to complete. (correct use)
Each of my students have a different assignment to complete. (informal use)

26. Each of + pronoun (you/us/them)
We can only use the pronouns you/us/them after each of.
He gave each of us a small gift at the end of the course.
You need to wash each of them before use.
Each of you needs to complete the assignment individually.
Again the verb following each of + pronoun should be in the singular form.
Each as a pronoun
When the students finished to course, each was given a certificate. (Each = each of the students)
Though it is more common to use each one instead of each by itself.
…each one was given a certificate.

27. Auxiliary Verb/To Be + each
Noun/Pronoun + each
Each can be used after the noun (or pronoun) it describes.
The parents gave their children some pocket money. To avoid problems, they each received the same amount.
Auxiliary Verb/To Be + each
Each can be used after an auxiliary verb or the verbs Are and Were.
I have four books to sell and they are each worth around five dollars.
They have each been told their responsibilities.
Object + each
Instead of going before/after the subject, each can appear after the object.
This is common when the noun object refers to an amount, how many of something there is or when giving a price.
My paintings are worth $100 each (= Each of my paintings are worth $100)
I gave my children each an ice cream. 

28. All + of + determiner + noun
All refers to the total number of people or things of a group. They are considered as a group and not individually. There are minimum three things in the group.
All + noun
We can use All with a plural noun to make a generalization about an entire group of something.
All sharks are dangerous.
All elephants are slow.
All + of + determiner + noun
The noun can be singular, plural or an uncountable noun. These nouns can also be replaced by pronouns.
You need to read all of the book.
All of the pages are yellow and old.
All of the fish in the pond have died.
You need to remove all of them before they start to smell bad.
Note that All of + singular noun is not common and Whole or Entire used instead of all of.
You need to read the whole book (= all of the book)
We can also remove OF before the determiner + noun (but we must use OF before a pronoun)
You need to read all the book.
All the pages are yellow and old.

29. Pronoun + all
Sometimes you can place All after a pronoun to emphasize that every single one of that group is included.
We all hope you get better soon.
I hope you all have a great time.
I have made us all some sandwiches.

30. Compare All vs. Each Compare All vs. Every
All refers to the entire group as a whole. Each refers to the individual members of the group.
I say goodbye to each student as they leave the room. (= Goodbye John, goodbye Mary, goodbye Daniel… etc. until it has been said to ALL of the students individually… Yes, there is a lot of repetition)
I say goodbye to all of the students as they leave the room. (= Goodbye students … I just say goodbye once)
Compare All vs. Every
simple way to remember is that All is with a plural noun + plural verb while Every is with a singular noun +singular verb. Every can also suggest “without exception”.
All students receive a certificate.
Every student receives a certificate.
We can use All with uncountable nouns (and not Every).
I like all music (NOT every music)
Place all luggage on the counter. (NOT every luggage)

32. https://elt. oup. com/student/result/engupp/a_grammar/unit06/6c