1. MEASUREMENT OF PM2.5 SEMI-VOLATILE MATERIAL WITH THE FDMS TEOM MONITOR
Brett D. Grover, Michael Kleinman, Norman L. Eatough and Delbert J. Eatough, Brigham Young University
Philip K. Hopke and Prasanna Venkatachari, Clarkson University
Judy Chow and John Watson, Desert Research Institute
William E. Wilson, William McClenny and Russell Long, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Jeff Ambs and Michael Meyer, R&P Co. Inc.
Robert A. Cary, Sunset Laboratory Inc.
Hans Grimm and Bill Roe, GRIMM Technologies, Inc.

3. Semi-continuous Mass Monitors
The RAMS monitor developed by BYU has been shown to measure semi-volatile nitrate and organic material, but not water.
R&P has developed two samplers which are thought to also measure semi-volatile PM2.5 mass.
These methods were compared in studies during January in Lindon Ut; July in Rubidoux CA & December in Fresno CA
PC-BOSS and other semi-continuous compositional data obtained to help explain any differences observed.

5. Real-time Ambient Mass Sampler Particle Concentrator
Denuders (NO2) and Dryer (H2O)
Real-time
Ambient
Mass
Sampler
Blank Filter
BOSS Denuder (VOC, SO2, O3, HNO3) and Dryer (H2O)
“Sandwich” Filter, Quartz & CIG

6. R&P FDMS TEOM Monitor

7. Self-Referencing Differential TEOM Monitor
For time interval t(n),
Particle-laden air stream (ESP off) :
MAeff = Mpnv + Mpv - Mpv ± Mfilt artifacts ± Minst effects
For time interval t(n+1),,
Particle-free air stream (ESP on) :
MBeff = - Mpv ± Mfilt artifacts ± Minst effects
Therefore:
MAeff - MBeff = Mpnv+Mpv
Ideally, switching time interval t  0
(or switching time small compared to
rate constant for volatilization process)

9. Lindon Study RAMS FDMS TEOM 50C TEOM PC-BOSS
Data obtained in January and February, 2003 during winter inversion conditions.
Lindon is a residential community just north of Provo
Emissions included mobile sources and woodsmoke
RAMS
FDMS TEOM
50C TEOM
PC-BOSS

10. Lindon RAMS and FDMS TEOM data agreed
The ±3 µg/m3 uncertainty in the RAMS data is evident in the results

12. Comparison with 3-h PC-BOSS Constructed Mass

14. Rubidoux Study RAMS FDMS TEOM Differential TEOM 50C TEOM GRIMMS
Data obtained in July 2003 during LA Basin inversion conditions.
Rubidoux is a residential community on the west side of the Basin (by Riverside)
PM2.5 composition included ammonium sulfate and secondary semi-volatile organic material
RAMS
FDMS TEOM
Differential TEOM
50C TEOM
GRIMMS
R&P Nitrate
Sunset Lab C (SVOC)
PC-BOSS

16. TEOM Monitor biased low

17. Determination of SVOC Lost from Particles with Modified Sunset Monitor
Determination of Quartz Filter Carbonaceous Material with Conventional Sunset Monitor
Determination of SVOC Lost from Particles with Modified Sunset Monitor

19. Total Measured Semi-volatile Material (Nitrate plus SVOM) Accounts for the Difference Seen.

20. The FDMS and PC-BOSS PM2.5 Results Agreed

21. The GRIMM monitor results appear to include particle bound water
The difference is high when the RH is high at night

22. Modeling PM2.5 Water Content Accounts for the Higher GRIMM Measurement Results

23. The Semi-Volatile Material Measured by the FDMS is not Accurately Determined with the PM2.5 FRM

24. Fresno Study
Data obtained in December 2003 during San Jauquin Valley winter inversion conditions.
Fresno is a residential community in the central valley area
PM2.5 composition included ammonium sulfate and secondary semi-volatile organic material
RAMS
FDMS TEOM
Differential TEOM
50C TEOM
GRIMMS
R&P Nitrate & Sulfate
Dionex Sulfate & Nitrate
Sunset Lab C (SVOC)
PC-BOSS

25. FDMS and Differential TEOM Agreed. Heated TEOM is Substantially Lower

28. Mass Constructed from Supersite Continuous Monitor Data
Sulfate from R&P monitor, present as ammonium sulfate
Nitrate from R&P monitor, present as ammonium nitrate
C from R&P monitor, OC to OM factor = 1.6

29. Concentrations Increase in the Order
Heated TEOM<Constructed<FDMS

30. Semi-volatile nitrate and organic material is included in the mass measured with the RAMS, FDMS TEOM and Differential TEOM
These three measurement methods appear to be equivalent
The GRIMM monitor also appears to respond to fine particulate water content
The Heated TEOM and FRM single filter sampler both give results which are low

31. The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and collaborated in the research described here under contract or assistance agreement number BC-R044-NAEX to Brigham Young University.  It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for presentation.  Mention of trade names or commercial products do not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.