1. Unit III Part 4
Sectionalism

2. Sectionalism
By the end of the 1830’s, Americans were more loyal to their sections than their country
Early effects of the Industrial Revolution:
Existing cities grew rapidly
Demand for better transportation
Two classes developed: capitalists and labor

3. What New England Wanted
High-priced land in the West to keep labor in New England
Federal money for internal improvements to expand home markets
Protective tariff for new industries

4. What the South Wanted
A low tariff: England might not buy so much Southern Cotton if they could not sell their goods here due to the high tariff
No internal improvements: they did not need roads, they had navigable E & W rivers AND they were afraid the Tariff might be raised to pay for internal improvements

5. What the South Wanted
Cheap land because they were constantly exhausting the soil with cotton production
Slavery in the territories: as they bought new land they wanted to bring their slaves with them
Economic prosperity seemed to depend on slave labor

6. The West
By 1820 ¼ of the U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians
After the War of 1812, Britain quit arming the Indians in the West
This encouraged the Westward movement
Indian Removals by the Government encouraged it too

7. The West
Most new towns and cities were near water for transportation, manufacturing, etc
The West required skilled laborers so paid higher wages than in the East
Land Speculation and fraud in the West
Western Democracy: most in the West voted for people like themselves rather than for their “Social Betters”

8. Points of Sectional Conflict
Cheap Land : W and S for it, NE against it (BUT NE laborers favored cheap land, hoping it WOULD lure labor out West, causing NE Capitalists to raise wages to keep labor)
Protective tariff: NE and W for it S against
Federal $ for internal improvements: NE and W for it S against it
Slavery in the territories: South for it, NE morally opposed to it, West economically opposed to it. Independent farmers could not compete with plantations

9. The Missouri Compromise aka The Compromise of 1820
Background: In free States and 11 slave states
1819 Missouri asked to be admitted as a slave state
The Talmadge Amendment: slavery should be gradually abolished in Missouri and future importation should be forbidden

10. The Missouri Compromise
The Talmadge Amendment passed in the House
BUT much debate in the Senate
The bill and statehood were held up for a year
Then…Maine asked to enter the union as a free state (had been part of Mass)

11. The Missouri Compromise:
Missouri and Maine to enter the union at the same time
AND The Thomas Amendment: Slavery would be forbidden north of the

12. 1824 Clay’s American System
For American Self-Sufficiency
Use the country’s differences to tie it together
#1 High Tariff to protect NE Industries BUT spend the tariff $ on improvements for the West and the South
#2 Encourage Eastern Textile Mills = market for Southern Cotton and Western Wool
#3 Sell Western food in Eastern Markets
#4 A National Bank

13. Clay’s American System
Eventually, Clay’s American System will be the party platform for the Whig Party (later)
Henry Clay was called “The Great Compromiser”
He was Speaker of the House during the Missouri Compromise

14. The Election of 1824 aka The Corrupt Bargain
4 Republican nominees:
Andrew Jackson Hero of the West (Tenn)
J.Q. Adams Sec. of State (Mass)
Henry Clay Speaker of the House (Ken)
W.H. Crawford Sec. of Treasury (Geo.)
Calhoun ran alone for VP

15. The Problem The winner did not just need a plurality
To win, a candidate needed a majority of the TOTAL electoral votes
Jackson had the most but not a majority of the total
Crawford became ill but kept his votes

16. Henry Clay
Did not have a chance of winning BUT if he gave his votes to Jackson OR Adams, that candidate would have enough to win
Clay had more in common with J.Q. Adams than Jackson
Clay gave his votes to Adams and Adams made Clay his Sec. of State

17. Jackson called Clay… The Judas of the West!
Most believed that Jackson had been robbed
Most called the whole thing “The Corrupt Bargain”

18. J.Q. Adams Will have a terrible Presidency
Congress will oppose every move he made due to the “Corrupt Bargain”

19. J.Q. Adams had some good ideas:
More funds for transportation
Establish a National University
Money for Exploration and Scientific Research
But no action, much ridicule due to Jackson and friends in Congress

20. Soon… Jackson and co. will be known as the Democrats
Clay and others will become the Whig Party

21. Election of 1828 Still ONE party BUT two factions:
Democratic Republicans: Jackson 128
National Republicans: J.Q. Adams 8
Stood for issues similar to the old Federalists
Calhoun only VP candidate