1. Practice Question #1
What is the cartoon [right] illustrating most closely?
Renaissance rejection of medieval Christianity?
Late-eighteenth-century calls for abolition of the Atlantic slave trade
Social inequalities under the Old Regime in France
Aristocratic hostility to Peter the Great’s efforts to Westernize Russia
Napoleon’s suppression of the Spanish nationalist movement

2. France was only one of a number of areas in the Western world where the assumption of the old order were challenged. Although some historians have called the upheavals of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries a “democratic revolution,” it is probably more appropriate to speak of a liberal movement to extend political rights and power to the bourgeoisie in possession of capital – citizens besides the aristocracy who were literate and had become wealthy through capitalist enterprises in trade, industry, and finance. The years preceding and accompanying the French Revolution included attempts at reform and revolt in the North American colonies, Britain, the Dutch Republic, some Swiss cities, and the Austrian Netherlands. The success of the American and French Revolutions makes them the center of attention.
Jackson Spielvogel, 2018
According to Jackson Spielvogel, the French Revolution was
one of the two movements that define the beginning of the Modern Era.
more important than the Industrial Revolution, which only affected the economy.
a liberal movement that extended rights to the wealthy middle class.
a radical movement that brought liberty, equality, and fraternity to all Frenchmen.